Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Elasticity
Elasticity of Composites
Viscoelasticity
Revise modes of deformation, stress, strain and other basics (click here) before starting this chapter etc.
Recoverable deformation
Plasticity
Permanent deformation
Fracture
Fatigue
Oscillatory loading
Creep
Note: above is a broad classification for convenience. E.g. Creep is also leads to plastic deformation!
Recoverable
Instantaneous
Elastic
Time dependent
Anelasticity
Deformation
Instantaneous
Plastic
Permanent
Time dependent
Viscoelasticity
Elasticity
Elastic deformation is reversible deformation- i.e. when load/forces/constraints are
released the body returns to its original configuration (shape and size).
Elastic deformation can be caused by tension/compression or shear forces.
Usually in metals and ceramics elastic deformation is seen at low strains (less than ~10 3).
The elastic behaviour of metals and ceramics is usually linear.
Linear
Elasticity
Non-linear
dU
F
dr
A B
U n m
r
r
Attractive
nA mB
F n 1 m 1
r
r
Repulsive
A,B,m,n constants
m>n
A' B '
F p q
r
r
A B
U n m
r
r
A' B'
F p q
r
r
Repulsive
Force (F)
Repulsive
r0
r0
Attractive
r0
Equilibrium separation
Attractive
Elastic modulus is the slope of the Force-interatomic spacing curve (F-r curve), at the
Force
r0
For displacements around r0 Force-displacement curve is approximately linear
THE LINEAR ELASTIC REGION
Stress
Compression
dF
Y
dr
2
Tension
strain
dF d U
Y
2
dr
dr
Stress
Tension
strain
Due to efficient
filling of space
Compression
T > C
T due to uncoiling
of polymer chains
T
E Youngs modulus
= G.
G Shear modulus
K Bulk modulus
t
PoissonRatio,
l
E
G
2(1 )
E
K
3(1 2 )
Li
Be
Cdiamond
Cgraphite
11.5
289
440
1140
Cdiamond
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
14
32
50
82
1140
103
99
52
16
Material dependence
Elastic modulus
Property
Geometry dependence
Elastic modulus in design
Stiffness of a material is its ability to resist elastic deformation of
deflection on loading depends on the geometry of the component.
High modulus in conjunction with good ductility should be chosen (good
ductility avoids catastrophic failure in case of accidental overloading)
Covalently bonded materials- e.g. diamond have high E (1140 GPa)
BUT brittle
Ionic solids are also very brittle
Ionic solids
NaCl
37
MgO Al2O3
310
402
TiC
Silica glass
308
70
METALS
First transition series good combination of ductility &
modulus (200 GPa)
Second & third transition series even higher modulus, but higher
density
POLYMERS
Polymers can have good plasticity but low modulus
dependent on
the nature of secondary bonds- Van der Walls / hydrogen
presence of bulky side groups
branching in the chains
Unbranched polyethylene E = 0.2 GPa,
Polystyrene with large phenyl side group E = 3 GPa,
3D network polymer phenol formaldehyde E = 3-5 GPa
cross-linking
COMPOSITES
Laminate
composite
Aligned
fiber
composite
Particulate
composite
Ec E f V f EmVm
Volume fractions
E c E f V f E mVm
V f Vm
1
Ec E f Em
Reuss averaging
Ec
Iso
n
i
a
r
st
Iso
Em
A
f
Volume fraction
Ef
ss
e
str