Databases and Data Warehouses

CHAPTER 3
DATABASES AND DATA WAREHOUSES
Databases and Data Warehouses
INTRODUCTION
Organizations need business intelligence

Business intelligence (BI) knowledge about
your customers, competitors, business partners,
competitive environment, and internal operations
to make effective, important, and strategic
business decisions
3-2
INTRODUCTION
IT tools help process information to create

business intelligence according to:
OLTP
OLAP
3-3
INTRODUCTION
Online transaction processing (OLTP) the

gathering of input information, processing that
information, and updating existing information to
reflect the gathered and processed information
Databases support OLTP
Operational database databases that support OLTP
3-4
INTRODUCTION
Online analytical processing (OLAP) the

manipulation of information to support decision
making
Databases can support some OLAP
Data warehouses only support OLAP, not OLTP
Data warehouses are special forms of databases that
support decision making
3-5
INTRODUCTION
3-6
THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL
There are many types of databases

The relational database model is the most
popular
Relational database uses a series of logically
related two-dimensional tables or files to store
information in the form of a database
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DATABASES ARE
Collections of information
Created with logical structures
With logical ties within the information
With built-in integrity constraints
3-8
DATABASES COLLECTIONS OF
INFORMATION
Databases have many tables
Consider Solomon Enterprises that provides
concrete to home and commercial builders. Tables
or files include:
Order
Customer
Concrete Type
Employee
Truck
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DATABASES COLLECTIONS OF
INFORMATION
3-10
DATABASES CREATED WITH LOGICAL

STRUCTURES
In databases, the row number is irrelevant

Not true in spreadsheet software
In databases, column names are very important.
Column names are created in the data dictionary
Data dictionary contains the logical structure
of the information in a database
3-11
DATABASES WITH LOGICAL TIES

WITHIN THE INFORMATION
Logical ties must exist between the tables or files
in a database
Logical ties are created with primary and foreign
keys
Primary key field (or group of fields in some
cases) that uniquely describes each record
Can you find primary keys in Figure 3.1 on page
129?
3-12

Foreign key primary key of one file that

appears in another file
Foreign keys help you create logical ties within
the information in a database
3-13

3-14
DATABASES WITH BUILT-IN INTEGRITY

CONSTRAINTS
Integrity constraints rules that help ensure

the quality of the information
Examples
Primary keys must be unique

Foreign keys must be present
Sales price cannot be negative
Phone number must have area code
3-15
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

TOOLS
Database management system (DBMS)

helps you specify the logical organization for a
databases and access and use the information
within a database
Word processing software = document
Spreadsheet software = workbook
DBMS software = database
3-16

TOOLS
5 software components:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
DBMS engine
Data definition subsystem
Data manipulation subsystem
Application generation subsystem
Data administration subsystem
3-17

TOOLS
3-18
DBMS ENGINE
DBMS engine accepts logical requests from

the various other DBMS subsystems, converts
them into their physical equivalent, and actually
accesses the database and data dictionary as
they exist on a storage device
DBMS engine separates the logical from the
physical
3-19
DBMS ENGINE
Physical view how information is physically

arranged, stored, and accessed on some type of
storage device
Logical view how you as a knowledge worker
need to arrange and access information
With a database, you only concern yourself with
your logical view
3-20
DATA DEFINITION SUBSYSTEM
Data definition subsystem helps you create

and maintain the data dictionary and define the
structure of the files in a database
You must create a data dictionary before entering
information into a database
Module J covers this for Microsoft Access
3-21
DATA MANIPULATION SUBSYSTEM
Data manipulation subsystem helps you

add, change, and delete information
This is your primary DBMS interface as you work
with a database
Views
Report generators
QBE tools
SQL
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VIEWS
View allows you to see the contents of a

database file
Make whatever changes you want

Perform simple sorting
Query to find the location of information
Looks similar to a workbook with no row numbers
3-23
VIEWS
3-24
REPORT GENERATORS
Report generator helps you quickly define

formats of reports and what information you want
to see in a report
You can save report formats and generate reports
at any time with up-to-date information
3-25
REPORT GENERATORS
3-26
REPORT GENERATORS
3-27
QBE TOOLS
Query-by-example (QBE) tool helps you

graphically design the answer to a question
What driver most often delivers concrete to
Triple A Homes?
3-28
QBE TOOLS
3-29
SQL
Structured query language (SQL)

standardized fourth-generation language found in
most DBMSs
Performs the same task as a QBE tool
But uses a sentence structure instead of point-and-click
interface
SQL is used mostly by IT people
3-30
APPLICATION GENERATION SUBSYSTEM
Application generation subsystem contains

facilities to help you develop transactionintensive applications
Data entry screen (called forms)
Programming languages
Used mostly by IT specialists
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DATA ADMINISTRATION SUBSYSTEM
Data administration subsystem helps you

manage the overall database environment
Backup and recovery

Security management
Query optimization
Concurrency control
Change management
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Backup and recovery

Periodically back up information
Recover a database if a failure occurs
Security management
Who has access to what information
Who can perform certain tasks (e.g., add, change, or
delete) on information
3-33
Query optimization
Restructure physical view of information to optimize
response times to queries
Concurrency control
What happens if two people makes changes to the same
information at the same time?
3-34
Change management
What
What
What
What
is the effect of structural changes to a database?

if you add a new column?
happens if you delete a column?
happens if you change a columns attributes?
3-35
DATA WAREHOUSES AND DATA MINING
Data warehouses support OLAP and decision

making
Data warehouses do not support OLTP
Data-mining tools are the tools you use to work
with a data warehouse
DBMS software = database
Data-mining tools = data warehouse
3-36
WHAT IS A DATA WAREHOUSE?
Data warehouse logical collection of

information gathered from operational
databases used to create business intelligence
that supports business analysis activities and
decision-making tasks
3-37
3-38
Multidimensional
Rows and columns
Also layers
Many times called hypercubes
What are the dimensions in Figure 3.8 on page
142?
3-39
WHAT ARE DATA-MINING TOOLS?
Data-mining tools software tools that you use

to query information in a data warehouse
Query-and-reporting tools
Intelligence agents
Multidimensional analysis tools
Statistical tools
3-40
WHAT ARE DATA-MINING TOOLS?
3-41
QUERY-AND-REPORTING TOOLS
Query-and-reporting tools similar to QBE

tools, SQL, and report generators in the typical
database environment
3-42
INTELLIGENT AGENTS
Use various artificial intelligence tools such as

neural networks and fuzzy logic to form the basis
for information discovery and building business
intelligence
Help you find hidden patterns in information
Chapter 4 focuses more on these
3-43
MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS TOOLS
Multidimensional analysis (MDA) tools

slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to view
multidimensional information from different
perspectives
Bring new layers to the front
Reorganize rows and columns
3-44
STATISTICAL TOOLS
Help you apply various mathematical models to

the information stored in a data warehouse to
discover new information
Regression
Analysis of variance
And so on
3-45
DATA MARTS
Data warehouses can support all of an

organizations information
Data marts have subsets of an organizationwide
data warehouse
Data mart subset of a data warehouse in which
only a focused portion of the data warehouse
information is kept
3-46
DATA MARTS
3-47
DATA MINING AS A CAREER

OPPORTUNITY
Knowledge of data mining can be a substantial

career opportunity for you
Query and Analysis and Enterprise Analytic Tools
(Business Objects)
Business Intelligence and Information Access tools (SAS)
Many in Cognos (the data warehouse leader)
PowerAnalyzer (Informatica)
3-48
CONSIDERATIONS IN USING A DATA

WAREHOUSE
Do you need a data warehouse?

Perhaps database OLAP is sufficient
Do all employees need the entire data

warehouse?
If no, build smaller data marts
How up-to-date must the information be?

What data-mining tools do you need?
3-49
MANAGING THE INFORMATION

RESOURCE
Information is an organizational resource

Just like people, capital, and equipment
It must be managed effectively
3-50

RESOURCE
Who should oversee your organizations
information resource?
Chief information officer (CIO) oversees an
organizations information resource
Data administration plans for, oversees the
development of, and monitors the information resource
Database administration technical and operational
aspects of managing information
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RESOURCE
Is information ownership a consideration?

If you create information, you own it
You will also share it with others
Because you own it, you are responsible for its quality
3-52

RESOURCE
How clean must your information be?
Duplicate information (records) must be eliminated

Inaccurate information must be corrected
Information forms the basis of business intelligence
If your business intelligence is bad, you will make poor
decisions
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END OF CHAPTER 3
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CHAPTER 3