Short-Circuit Analysis

IEC Standard

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

CORTO CIRCUITO
Caractersticas principales:

Estndar de ANSI/IEEE & IEC.

Anlisis de fallas transitorias
(IEC 61363).
Efecto de Arco (NFPA 70E2000)
Integrado con coordinacin de
dispositivos de proteccin.
Evaluacin
dispositivos.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

automtica

de

Slide 2

Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
Verify protective device close and latch capability
Verify protective device interrupting capability
Protect equipment from large mechanical forces
(maximum fault kA)
I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)
Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 3

Types of Short-Circuit Faults

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 4

Types of Short-Circuit Faults

Types of SC Faults
Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault
Three-Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Ground Fault

Fault Current
IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all faults).
In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G .87 * I3-phase
In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 5

Short-Circuit Phenomenon

v(t)

i(t)

v(t) Vm Sin( t )
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 6

v(t)

i(t)

di
v(t) Ri L Vm Sin(t ) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
R
- t
Vm
Vm
i(t)
sin(t - )
sin( - ) e L
Z
Z


Steady State

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Transient
(DC Offset)

Slide 7

AC Current (Symmetrical) with

No AC Decay

DC Current

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 8

AC Fault Current Including the

DC Offset (No AC Decay)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 9

Machine Reactance ( = L I )

AC Decay Current

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 10

Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 11

IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation (IEC 909)
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I"k)
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current
(Ib)
Steady-State Short-Circuit Current (Ik)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 12

IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation Method
Ik = Equivalent V @ fault location divided by
equivalent Z
Equivalent V is based bus nominal kV and c
factor
XFMR and machine Z adjusted based on
cmax, component Z & operating conditions
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 13

Transformer Z Adjustment
KT -- Network XFMR
KS,KSO Unit XFMR for faults on system side
KT,S,KT,SO Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary
system, not between Gen & XFMR
K=1 Unit XFMR for faults between Gen &
XFMR
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 14

Syn Machine Z Adjustment

KG Synchronous machine w/o unit XFMR
KS,KSO With unit XFMR for faults on system
side
KG,S,KG,SO With unit XFMR for faults in
auxiliary system, including points between
Gen & XFMR

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 15

Types of Short-Circuits
Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition to which at least
one synchronous machine contributes a
prospective initial short-circuit current which is
more than twice the generators rated current, or
a short-circuit condition to which synchronous
and asynchronous motors contribute more than
5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
( I"k) without motors.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 16

Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 17

Types of Short-Circuits
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition during which the
magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of
available short-circuit current remains essentially
constant.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 18

Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 19

Factors Used in If Calc

calc ip based on Ik
calc ib for near-to-gen & not meshed network
q calc induction machine ib for near-to-gen & not
meshed network
Equation (75) of Std 60909-0, adjusting Ik for
near-to-gen & meshed network
min & max calc ik
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 20

IEC Short-Circuit Study Case

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 21

Types of Short-Circuits
When these options
are selected
Maximum voltage factor is used
Minimum impedance is used (all negative
tolerances are applied and minimum
resistance temperature is considered)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 22

Types of Short-Circuits
When this option is
selected
Minimum voltage factor is used
Maximum impedance is used (all positive
tolerances are applied and maximum
resistance temperature is considered)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 23

Voltage Factor (c)

Ratio between equivalent voltage &
nominal voltage
Required to account for:
Variations due to time & place
Transformer taps
Static loads & capacitances
Generator & motor subtransient
behavior

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 24

Calculation Method

Breaking kA is more
conservative if the option
No Motor Decay is
selected

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 25

IEC SC 909 Calculation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 26

Device Duty Comparison

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 27

Mesh & Non-Mesh If

ETAP automatically determines mesh & nonmeshed contributions according to individual
contributions
IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination
Method 0, 1, or 2 (default)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 28

L-G Faults

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 29

L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 30

Sequence Networks

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 31

L-G Fault Sequence

Network Connections
If 3 Ia 0
3 VPr efault
If
Z1 Z 2 Z0
if Zg 0

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 32

L-L Fault Sequence Network

Connections

I a 2 I a1
3 VPr efault
If
Z1 Z 2

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 33

L-L-G Fault Sequence

Network Connections
I a 2 I a1 I a 0 0 I a
VPr efault
If
Z0 Z 2

Z1
Z0 Z 2
if Zg 0

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 34

Transformer Zero Sequence Connections

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 35

Solid Grounded Devices

and L-G Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1 Z 2 & Z 0 Z1
If this conditions are true then :
I f3 I f 1
This may be the case if Generators or
Y/ Connected transformer are solidly
grounded.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 36

Zero Sequence Model

Branch susceptances and static
loads including capacitors will be
considered when this option is
checked
Recommended by IEC for
systems with isolated neutral,
resonant earthed neutrals &
earthed neutrals with earth fault
factor > 1.4

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 37

Unbalanced Faults Display

& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 38

Transient Fault Current

Calculation (IEC 61363)

Total Fault Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 39

Transient Fault Current

Calculation (IEC 61363)

Percent DC Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 40

Transient Fault Current

Calculation (IEC 61363)

AC Component of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 41

Transient Fault Current

Calculation (IEC 61363)

Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 42

Transient Fault Current

Calculation (IEC 61363)

Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 43

IEC Transient Fault Current

Calculation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 44

Unbalanced Faults Display

& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 45

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 46

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

Slide 47