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1-DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
Heat Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat through materials by the direct
contact of matter.
Dense metals like copper and aluminum are very good thermal
conductors.
A thermal insulator is a material that conducts heat poorly.
Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat
by the motion of liquids and gases.
Convection in a gas occurs because
gas expands when heated.
Convection in liquids
occurs
because of differences in density.
Hot water is likewise less dense than cold water and rises,
causing convection currents which transport energy.
Radiation
Radiation is heat transfer by
electromagnetic waves.
Thermal
radiation
is
electromagnetic waves (including
light) produced by objects because
of their temperature.
The higher the temperature of an
object, the more thermal radiation
it gives off.
Qabs
dQabs
Pabs
Aa Ts 4
dt
A, a
Ts
dQrad
4
Prad
Ae T
dt
Surface Area, A
Absorption coefficient, a = 0 to 1
Emissivity, e = 0 to 1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.67 x 10-8
W.m-2.K-4
A, e,
T
Qra
d
dT
Q kA
dx
Heat is conducted in the direction of
decreasing temperature, and thus the
temperature gradient (dT/dX) is negative
when heat is conducted in the positive xdirection.
TH
Q
A
energy
transferr
ed
through
slab
Q
Q
TH TC
kA
t
L
Q
dQ
dT
k A
dt
dx
steady-state
TH
Q
TH TC
kA
t
L
dQ
dT
k A
dt
dx
temperature gradient
TC
0
dT
dx
Heat Flux
Heat flux is the flow of heat per unit area and per unit time . It
is directly proportional to the temperature gradient.
From one dimensional Fourier's law:
dT
Q kA
,
dx
Q
dT
q k
A
dx
where:
q = the heat flux
k = the coefficient of thermal conductivity
T = the temperature
x = a spatial coordinate
Thermal Conductivity
Material
Thermal
conductivity k
(W.m-1.K-1)
Diamond
2450
Cu
385
Al
205
Glass
0.8
Water
0.6
Wood
0.2
Foam
0.01
Air
0.024
Thermal conductivity (k ) is
the property of the material
Thermal conductivity
of material is due to
flow of free electrons
(in metals) and lattice
vibration ( in fluids)
K (Pure metal)>
K(alloy)>K(Liq.)>K(ga
s)
V
R
i
Electrical resistance is to conduction of electricity as thermal
resistance is to conduction of heat.
The analog of Q is current, and the analog of the temperature
difference, T1 - T2, is voltage difference.
From this perspective the heat transfer from a slab is written as:
T1 T2
Q
Rtotal
Q cond , wall
(W)
x 0
T2
cond , wall
Q cond , wall
dx kAdT
T T1
T1 T2
kA
L
T1 T2
kA
L
T1 T2
Rwall
Q cond , wall
Q cond , wall
Rwall
kA
(W)
(0C / W)
Thermal
Resistance
depends on the geometry
and the thermal properties
of the medium
V1 V2
I
Re
Re
Re L
= Electrical resistance
eA
V1 V2 = Voltage
difference across
the resistance
=Electrical
conductivi
ty
Q conv
TS T
Rconv
Rconv
hAS
Rconv
(W)
(0C / W)
4
Q rad AS (TS4 Tsurr
)
Q rad
TS Tsurr
hrad AS (TS Tsurr )
Rrad
Rrad
hrad AS
hrad
Qrad
AS (TS Tsurr )
T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
L1
L2
1
1
h1 A k1 A k 2 A h2 A
T1 T2 T1 T2
1 1
Q Q1 Q 2
(T1 T2 )( )
R1
R2
R1 R2
T1 T2
Q
Rtotal
1
Rtotal
1
1
R1 R2
Rtotal
R1 R2
R1 R2
T1 T
Rtotal
R1 R2
R3 Rconv
R1 R2
L1
R1
k1 A1
R2
L3
R3
k 3 A3
Rconv
L2
k 2 A2
1
hA3
d dT
k 0
dx
dx
T x Ts ,1 Ts ,2 Ts ,1
x
L
dT kA
qx kA Ts ,1 Ts ,2
dx L
dT k
qx k
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
dx L
Thermal Resistances:
Conduction in a plane wall:
Rt ,cond
kA
1
Rt ,conv
hA
1
Rt , rad
hr A
Convection:
Radiation
Rt,cond
Rt,conv
Rt, rad
hr
Rtot
1
L
1
h1 A kA h 2 A
qx
T,1 T,2
Rtot
qx
T,1 T,4
Rtot
Rtot
1 1 LA LB LC 1
Rtot
A h1 k A k B kC h4
A
qx UAToverall
Rtot
UA
Q Q contact Q gap
Q hc ATint erface
hc
Q/ A
Tint erface
(W/m2 0C)
1 Tint erface
Rc
hc
Q/ A
(m2 0C/ W)
1 d
dT
kr 0
r dr
dr
r
T r
ln Ts ,2
ln r1 / r2 r2
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
qr k
dT
k
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
dr r ln r2 / r1
2 k
qr 2 rqr
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
ln r2 / r1
qr 2 rLqr
2 Lk
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
ln r2 / r1
Conduction Resistance:
Rt ,cond
Rt,cond
ln r2 / r1
2 Lk
ln r2 / r1
2 k
Units K/W
Units m K/W
qr
T,1 T,4
Rtot
UA T,1 T,4
U i Ai Rtot
Spherical Shell
Heat Equation:
1 d 2 dT
r
0
2 dr
dr
r
T r Ts ,1 Ts ,1 Ts ,2
1 r1/ r
1 r1 / r 2
dT
k
qr k
2
dr r 1/ r1 1/ r2
Ts,1 Ts,2
4 k
qr 4 r qr
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
1/ r1 1/ r2
2
Rt ,cond
1/ r1 1/ r2
4 k
Composite Shell:
Toverall
qr
UAToverall
Rtot
UA Rtot 1 Constant
U i Ai Rtot
Depends on Ai
1
Rins Rconv ln(r2 / r1 )
2Lk
h(2r2 L)
d Q/ dr2 0
k
rcr ,cylinder
h
k =Thermal conductivity
rcr , sphere
2k
r2 rcr
r2 rcr
r2 rcr
max