Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1. Magnitude of C
2. Direction of C
C = ABsin
C is perpendicular on the plane
defined by A and B
3. Sense of C
It is given by the right hand rule
(RHR)
(10-2)
In terms of components:
z
C x Ay Bz Az By
C y Az Bx Ax Bz
C z Ax By Ay Bx
ur ur ur
C A B
ur
A$
iAx $jAy k$Az
ur
$
B $
iBx $jBy kB
z
ur
$
C $
iC x $jC y kC
z
(10-4)
rod
O
y
r r ur
rF
Indeed
= rFsin
The cross product
gives the correct
magnitude and
direction for
(10-5)
ur r ur
New definition: L r p
(10-6)
Old definition: L I , I md
v
d
v
mvd
d
ur r ur
New definition: L r p
L rp sin
From triangle OAP we have that: r sin d
L pd mvd
L md 2
(10-7)
ur
dL r
(10-8)
In chapter 9 we saw that
dt
ur
We will derive the same result using the new definition of L
ur
r ur
r
ur
ur r ur
d L d (r p ) d r ur r d p
L r p
pr
dt
dt
dt
dt
r
ur
dr r
d p ur
v ,
F (Newton's second law)
dt
dt
ur
d L r ur r ur
= v p r F
dt
The first term is zero.
r
The second term is
ur
dL r
dt
dt
which we have shown to be true for a single particle
This equation states that the rate of change of the total
angular momentum L of a system is equal to the total
torque on the system
Note: When we calculate we only have to take into
account the torques generated by external forces. The torques
generated by internal forces can be ignored! This is an
important simplification
(10-10)
F1 = F1ext + F12
F2 = F2ext + F21
F21 = - F12
1 = r1F1ext + r1F12
2 = r2F2ext + r2F21
2 = r2F2ext - r2F12
= 1 + 2
= r1F1ext + r2F2ext + (r1 -r2)F12
the last term vanishes
(10-11)
= r1F1ext + r2F2ext
ur
ur
r
dL r
dL
In a system of particles
If 0
0
dt
dt
ur
L is a constant vector. If the angular momentum at t1
ur
ur
u
r
u
r
is L1 and at time t 2 is is L 2
L1 L 2
More concisely:
ur
L 0
This principle is true for any
system of particles (including
rigid bodies)
(10-12)
(10-13)
Li I i o , L f I f , Li L f
Ii
I i o I f o
If
2
MR 2
MR
Ii
2m( L R ) 2 , I f
2mR 2
2
2
MR 2
2 m( L R ) 2
o 2
9 rad/s
2
MR
2mR 2
2
Lf
Li
R
m
m
m
L+R
R = 0.25 m
M = 50 kg
m = 2 kg
d = 0.5 m L
=1m
To
= 3s
(10-14)
Central forces
A central force is one that acts along the line joining the
source of the force and the object on which the force acts. For
example the force F exerted by the sun on a comet
The torque of the force is: = rF = rFcos180 = 0
The rate of change in the angular momentum of the comet is:
ur
r
dL r
If 0
dt
ur
L is a constant vector
ur
dL
0
dt
(10-15)
(10-16)
2
2
(10-18)
before
U=0
after
Ei 0 , E f K U , U mgh
CM
h
vcm
2
mvcm
I 2
K
2
2
2
mvcm
I 2
E f mgh
2
2
CM
2
mvcm
vcm
I 2
Ei E f 0 mgh
,
2
2
R
2
2
mvcm
Ivcm
0 mgh
Solve for v cm
2
2
2R
2mgh
vcm
m I / R2
Substitute
(10-19)