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I.
3)
Lone pairs (lp) occupy more space on the central atom than bonding pairs (bp)
a. bp electrons are attracted to a second nucleus
b.
c.
d.
e.
B.
3.
4.
5.
C.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2.
linear
bent
trigonal pyramid
bent
see-saw
T-shaped
linear
square pyramid
square planar
D.
3.
4.
Remember: lone pairs count in SN, but are left out in structure name
Examples: SbF4-, SF5-, SeF3+
5.
Exercise 3-2
Multiple Bonds
1. Double and Triple bonds have greater repulsion than
single bonds due to the large -orbitals involved
2.
3.
4.
Exercise 3-3
II. Electronegativity
A.
Definitions
1. Electronegativity: power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons
2. Polar Bond: between pure covalent (sharing e-) and ionic (transfer of e-)
a. Homonuclear Diatomics: completely nonpolar HH
b. Heteronuclear Diatomics: polar HCl
B.
2.
b.
c.
A = Electronegativity of A
Equations
( A B ) D ( A B )
D( A A) D( B B)
A B 0.102
3.
4.
A B 0.102
B
A
0.102
5.
( HO )
2.20 3.16
0.102
88.6kJ / mol
B
A
0.102
2.20 3.44
0.102
( A B) D ( A B )
147.8kJ / mol
D( A A) D( B B)
2
D( A A) D( B B)
D ( A B ) ( A B )
2
432 213
D ( H O) 147.8kJ / mol
470.3kJ / mol
2
6.
7.
8.
9.
Noble gases have high values because of high effective nuclear charges
a. Small size
b. Large + nucleus
B.
vs.
2)
3)
4)
B
+
The orientation of polar molecules cancels out capacitance and this difference
gives the dielectric constant
The temperature dependence of this value lets us calculate dipole moment ()
= Qr [units = Cm or D(debye)]
Q = difference in charge
r = distance of separation
1 D = 3.38 x 10-30 Cm
Complex molecules: vector addition of all
a. Not very accurate (table 3-7) because of variation lengths and angles
b. Lone pairs have a large influence on dipole moment as well
C.
Examples:
1. Large dipoles result from lone pair reinforcement of bond dipoles
2. Small dipoles result from lone pair cancellation of bond dipoles
3. Symmetric molecules have no net dipole
H
O
H
H
O
H
2)
Ammonia does not H-Bond with itself well, instead forming a NN dimer
B.
C.