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Oxygen demand Oxygen demand
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Stabilization tank
Augmented ASP
•Used for taking care of difficult wastewaters
•Involves augmenting system with microbial culture
at regular intervals or continuously
Sequencing Batch Reactor
liquid-solid-gas Effluent
separation unit
Influent
UASB process
Anaerobic treatment: Suspended
growth reactors
Effluent
Influent
Effluent
reversed flow Effluent
Influent Influent
reversed flow
Anaerobic migrating blanket reactor
Anaerobic treatment
Influent Effluent
Membrane
separator
Solids recycle
Hybrid reactors
• Mostly CFSTR with filter or UASB with filter
• Can leads partial phase separation
Two stage or multi stage anaerobic digestion
• Most of the anaerobic digesters are of single stage
reactors
• In cases where hydrolysis is needed then two-stage
anaerobic digestion is desired
Mixed type biological treatment
processes
Stabilization pond series
• Earthen ponds wherein w/w is retained for long enough
period for natural purification (sufficient level of treatment)
• For acceptable level of treatment part of the system should
be aerobic
• Most of the oxygen is provided by diffusion from air and
some by photosynthesis
• Divisible into three types: aerobic, anaerobic and
facultative ponds
– Aerobic ponds are shallow and oxygen is present at all
depths – usually used as a tertiary/polishing pond (as
additional treatment process)
– Anaerobic ponds: deeper ponds - oxygen is absent except
for the thin surface layer – used to provide partial treatment
for high strength w/w – usually followed by aerobic treatment
– Facultative ponds: have both aerobic and anaerobic zones –
can be used as total treatment system for municipal sewage
Mixed type biological treatment
processes
Advantages
• Simple and easy to operate technology
• Low cost provided cheap land is available
• Could prove suitable for rural areas where w/w to be handled is
small and cheap land is available
Disadvantages
• Bad odours and files and mosquitoes problems
• Land requirements are quite high
• Risk of ground water pollution and even storm water runoff
• Risk of accidental fall of humans and domesticated animals
• Aesthetically unpleasant and deteriorated landscape
Stabilization ponds are improved upon to tackle some of the
limitations
• Oxidation ponds (with algae, paddle aeration and horizontal
movement of water and secondary clarifier for TSS reduction
• Vegetated ponds (submerged/floating aquatic macrophytes)
• Constructed wetland systems (emergent aquatic macrophytes)
wind sunlight Carbon dioxide
algae
Aerobic bacteria
Anaerobic bacteria
Anaerobic zone biomass
Bottom sludge
Vegetated pond systems
Ponds with algae
• Can provide additional oxygen for biooxidation and speedup the
treatment process (reduce HRT needed)
• Mixing of the tank contents to keep the algae in suspension may
be needed
• Algal biomass contributes to increased pollutant levels (BOD and
TSS) in the treated effluent
• May require downstream treatment for separating the suspended
algal cells
Ponds with plants (submerged, floating or emergent
aquatic macrophytes)
• Submerged macrophytes - less used (may be appropriate for
very low strength w/w or for polishing)
• Ponds with floating macrophytes, like water hyacinth, lemna,
etc., are the aquatic macrophyte ponds or vegetated ponds
• Systems with emergency aquatic macrophytes are know as
constructed wetland systems
Vegetated ponds
Purposes served by the macrophyte
• Speed up the treatment processes through
– supply of oxygen into the pond
– root system providing surface for biofilms
• Contribute to efficient removal of suspended solids
– Root system creates quiescent conditions
– Macrophytes can produce bioflocculants
• Contribute to the removal of other pollutants
– Nutrients can be taken up
– Heavy metals & pesticides are taken up and accumulated
– Organic matter of macrophytes can have chelating effect
Disadvantages of the macrophytes
• Unless the biomass is managed, can cause pollution problems
(contribute organic matter to w/w and exert oxygen demand)
• Can become breeding ground for flies and mosquitoes and
habitat for snakes, rodents and insects
Vegetated ponds
• Depth of the pond is decided on the basis of
– Depth of the root zone of the macrophyte used
– Space provided for the retention of settled solids
• Space provided for settled solids depend on
– Solids load in the influent
– Solids contributed by the macrophyte
– Fraction of settled solids lost during stabilization
– Frequency of cleaning of the vegetated pond
• Space required for settled solids can be reduced by
– Clarification of influent prior to loading
– Management of macrophyte (timely harvesting and removal of
excess biomass)
• Multiple macrophyte ponds operating parallely can facilitate
cleaning of the ponds
• High strength wastewater can affect the macrophytes
– Settled solids can bleed and contribute BOD
Constructed wetland systems
• Two types: Free water surface & sub-surface types
– Flow in the wetland bed is horizontal or vertical or both
– Hydraulic conductivity of bed and influent suspended solids
load are important for sub-surface flow systems
• Aspect ratio of 5 or more is maintained
• Includes three section: inlet, vegetated and outlet sections
• Inlet section is not vegetated and concerned with
– Uniform distribution of the influent across the width
– Removal and storage of the suspended solids of the influent
and preventing their entry into vegetated section
• Vegetated section
– Plants like Phragmites, Typha, Cyprus are used
– Concerned with the treatment of wastewater
• Outlet section is not vegetated and concerned with
– Preventing carry over of SS with treated effluent
– Regulation of hydraulic conductivity of the bed
Constructed wetland systems
• Wetland bed profile
– Impervious bottom to act as barrier and avoid contamination
of groundwater
– Soil layer to support macrophytes and store pollutants
– Gravel layer supporting macrophytes and biofilms
– Sand layer to cancel and avoid access to water for flies and
mosquitoes and to prevent addition of litter of the macrophyte
to water
• Macrophytes
– Rhizomatous perennial aquatic plants with deeper root zone
from local habitat to be preferred
– The harvested and removed pant biomass should have utility
value and harvesting removal of biomass should be easy
• Usually multiple wetland cells are operated parallely
• Flood and drain mode of operation may be appropriate for
– better macrophyte growth and effluent treatment
– reduced GHG (methane and nitrous oxide) emissions
Inlet pipe
Inlet section Vegetated section Outlet section
B E E
D
C A
A C
HDPE membrane
Elevation
8.0 m 100 m 4.0 m
Perforated pipe
Perforated pipe Outlet pipe
Control valve