SHEAR WALLS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Presented By
Viswanathan.T.B
SD 1408

Course Faculty
Prof.V.R.Shah

FACULTY

OF

TECHNOLOGY

MASTERS PROGRAM IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN

C E P T U N I V E R S I T Y , A H M E D A B A D.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS
BEHAVIOUR UNDER SEISMIC LOADING
LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS
COMPARISON WITH SHEAR WALL AND MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
CAPACITY DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WALL SYSTEM
CASE STUDY
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TYPE WALL
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
Shear Wall
Shear wall represent the most efficient structural element to take lateral force acting

on a multi-storey building and to transfer them to foundation.

Shear wall is a structural element used to resist lateral/horizontal/shear forces

parallel to the plane of the wall by:

cantilever action for slender walls where the bending deformation is dominant
Truss action for squat/short walls where the shear deformation is dominant
We cannot afford to build concrete buildings meant to resist severe

earthquakes without shear walls.

:: Mark Fintel, a noted consulting engineer in USA

INTRODUCTION
Initially shear walls are used in reinforced concrete building to resist wind force.

Earlier ,tall building were made only for steel as bracings to take lateral wind loads
could be easily provide in steel construction. However science resent observation
have consistently shown the excellent performance of building with shear wall even
under seismic force, such walls are now extensively used for all earthquake
resistance design.
The most important property of shear walls for seismic design ,as different from

design for wind ,is that it should have good ductility under reversible and repeated
overloads. Besides they impart lateral stiffness to the system and also carry the
gravity load.

INTRODUCTION
For building over 20 stories, shear walls may become imperative from the point of

view of economy and control of lateral deflection.

Shear wall need adequate foundation .the foundation of one of several interacting

structural walls does not affect its own stiffness relative to the other walls

CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS

Simple rectangular type and flanged walls
Coupled walls
Rigid frame shear walls
Framed wall with infilled frames
Column support shear walls
Core type shear walls

CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS

SIMPLE RECTANGULE TYPE AND FLANGED (BARBELL TYPE)WALL
The simple rectangular shear walls ,under the action of in plane vertical loads and

horizontal shear along its length, are subjected to bending and shear.
Barbell type of wall are formed when a wall is provide monolithically between two

column. The columns at the two ends are then called the boundary elements.
The barbell type walls are stronger and more ductile than the simple rectangular type of

uniform section. Also they never fail in shear but only by yielding of steel in bending.
One of the disadvantage of this type of shear walls is that as these walls are rigid during

an earthquake they attract and dissipate a lot of energy by cracking, which is difficult to
repair.

CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS

SIMPLE RECTANGLE AND BAR BELL TYPE FREE STANDING

WALLS

CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS

COUPLED SHEAR WALLS
If two structural walls are joined together by relatively short spandrel beams, the

stiffness of the resultant wall increases; in addition the structure can dissipate most
of the energy by yielding the coupling beams with no structural damage to the main
walls. It is easy repair these coupling beams than walls. These walls should satisfy
the following two requirements:

The system should develop hinges only in the coupling beam before shear
failure

The coupling beam should be designed to have good energy-dissipation

characteristics

CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS

CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS

FRAMED WALLS WITH INFILLED FRAMES

Framed walls are cast monolithically, whereas in filled frames are constructed by
casting frames first and infilling it with masonry or concrete block later.
COLUMN SUPPORTED SHEAR WALLS

For architectural reasons to discontinue shear walls at floor level the wall to carry by
widely spaced column. In such column supported shear wall, the discontinuity in
geometry that level should be specially taken care of in the design
CORE TYPE SHEAR WALLS

In some building ,the elevators and other service areas can be grouped in a
vertical core which may serve as device to withstand lateral loads.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOUR

SQUAT STRUCTURAL WALLS
SLENDER WALL
ORDINARY-MOMENT SHEAR WALLS
DUCTILE-MOMENT SHEAR WALLS
DUAL SYSTEMS

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOUR

SQUAT STRUCTURAL WALLS

Squat structural walls with a ratio of height to length of less than 2 or 3 find wide
application in seismic force resistance of low-rise building. In this walls in which
deflection and strength are controlled by shear.
SLENDER WALL

Slender wall usually have a height to length ratio is grater than 2. They behaves
like a vertical slender cantilever beam.
ORDINARY-MOMENT SHEAR WALLS

Ordinary moment shear walls in which deflection and strength are controlled by
flexure. These are usually high rise shear walls to resist high wind and cyclones.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOUR

DUCTILE-MOMENT SHEAR WALLS

Ductile moment shear walls are special walls meant for seismic region and which
have good energy dissipation characteristics under reversal loads.
DUAL SYSTEMS

When lateral force resistance is provided by the combined contribution of frames

and structural walls, it is customary to refer to them as a dual system
Ductile frames, interacting with walls can provide a significant amount of energy
dissipation ,particularly in the upper stories of a building .on the other hand ,as a
result of the large stiffness of walls, good story drift control during an earthquake

BEHAVIOUR UNDER SEISMIC LOADING

Depending on the height to width ratio , a shear wall may be behave as a slender wall a

squat wall or a combination of two.

In slender wall primary mode of deformation is bending. Shear deformation are small and

can be neglected . Flexure strength usually governs the design of such wall .They are
usually subjected to low nominal shear stress. They develop a predominantly horizontal
crack pattern in the lower hinging region after a few cycle of inelastic deformation
Squat wall show significant amount of shear deformation as compared to bending

deformation. Shear strength usually governs the design of such walls. They are usually
subjected to high nominal shear stress. They develop inclined cracks in the web that
form a diagonal compression strut system for each direction of loading.

BEHAVIOUR UNDER SEISMIC LOADING

LOCATION OF SHEAR WALL IN A BUILDING

Shear walls are usually provided between column line, in stair wells, lift wells and in

shaft . When design for wind loading the location of the wall with in the building plan
does not play an important role. Incase of seismic loading ,however ,wall location
are a critical factor .Under wind loading a fully elastic response is expected ,while
during strong earthquake significant in elastic deformation are anticipated .
A wall configuration which has very little eccentricity between the centre of building

mass and stiffness and results in a reasonably uniform distribution of inelastic

deformation under seismic loading
For the best torsional resistance ,as many of the walls as possible should be located

at the periphery of the building

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS

12.4.4MARK FINTEL HANDBOOK

GUIDE TO SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

NUMBER OF STORIES
OFFICE BUILDING

Frame
Shear wall(egg crate)

up to 15

Staggered wall beam

Shear wall acting with

Frames
Single framed tube
Tube in-tube and
Bundled tubes

APPART MENT
BUILDINGS ,HOTELS,ETC
up to 20
up to 150
up to 40

up to 40
up to 50

up to 70
up to 60

up to 80

up to 100
TABLE 10-2 MARK FINTEL

COMPARISON WITH SHEAR WALL AND

MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
SHEAR WALL FRAME
Excellent in lateral load

MOMENT RESISTING FRAME

Weak in lateral load resisting system
resisting system
Very good in controlling storey
weak in controlling storey
drift and displacement
drift and displacement
Very good in torsional resistance
weak in torsional resistance
Avoiding soft storey failure
weak in Avoiding soft storey failure
Building over 30 stories its
Building up to 20 stories its
very economy
very economy
Better performance in
poor performance in
flat slab building
flat slab building
Need a strong foundation
not need a strong foundation

COMPARISON WITH SHEAR WALL AND

MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES

MOMENT RESTING FRAME

SHEAR WALLFRAME

COMPARISON WITH SHEAR WALL AND

MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES IN STORY DRIFT

MOMENT RESTING FRAME

SHEAR WALL FRAME

COMPARISON WITH SHEAR WALL AND

MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES IN STORY DRIFT

MOMENT RESTING FRAME

SHEAR WALLFRAME

COMPARISON WITH SHEAR WALL AND

MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES IN STORY
DISPLACEMENT

MOMENT RESTING FRAME

SHEAR WALLFRAME

COMPARISON WITH SHEAR WALL AND

MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES IN STORY
DISPLACEMENT

MOMENT RESTING FRAME

SHEAR WALLFRAME

CAPACITY DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WALL SYSTEM

STEP -1: REVIEW OF THE LAYOUT OF CANTLEVER WALL SYSTEMS.
Regularity and preferably ,symmetry in the positioning of walls within the building to

reduce adverse torsional effects

Efficiency of force transfer from diaphragms to walls where large openings exist in

the floors
Checking of the configuration of walls in elevation
A review of foundation condition to ensure that overturning moments ,particularly

where significant gravity loads cannot be routed to a cantilever wall, can be

transmitted to the soil.

CAPACITY DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WALL SYSTEM

STEP-2: DERIVATION OF GRAVITY LOADS AND EQUIVALENT MASSES
Design dead and live loads and their combinations are derived for each wall of the

cantilever systems
From the total gravity loads over the entire plan of the building the participating weights

Wi(masses) at all floors are quantified.

As per IS 1893(PART 1):2002 clause 7.3.1

Imposed uniformity distributed

percentage of

floor loads(KN/m)

Imposed load

25

3<

50

CAPACITY DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WALL SYSTEM

STEP- 3: ESTIMATION OF EARTHQUAKE DESIGN FORCE
Estimate the total design base shear Vb and evaluate the component force Fr to be

assigned to each level.

BASE SHEAR(Vb)=AhW As per IS 1893(PART 1):2002 clause 7.5.3
W= Seismic weight of the building
Ah=Design horizontal seismic coefficient
Ah= ZISa/2Rg

CAPACITY DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WALL

SYSTEM

STEP-4: ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

The lateral force can be distributed in proportion to wall stiffness. In this the design eccentricities

of storey shear forces are to considered.

Qi=V b (Wihi/Wihi) As per IS 1893(PART 1):2002 clause 7.7.1
Qi=Design lateral force at floor I
Wi= Seismic weight of floor I
hi= height of floor i measured from base
n= number of storey's in the building
edi =

1.5esi+5% of max. building dimension IS 1893(PART 1):2002 clause 7.9.2

or "e" = esi-5% of max. building dimension

edi= design eccentricity to be used at floor i

CAPACITY DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WALL

SYSTEM
STEP- 5: DETERMINATION OF DESIGN ACTION
for each wall the appropriate combination of gravity load and lateral force effects

are determined, using appropriate load factors and critical design quantities with
respect to each possible direction of earthquake attack are found.
limit state design As per IS 1893(PART 1):2002 clause 6.3.1.2 following load
combinations are used
1, 1.5(DL+IL)
2, 1.2(DL+ILEL)
3, 1.5(DLEL)
4, 0.9DL1.5EL

CAPACITY DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WALL

SYSTEM
STEP- 6: DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH
The determination of the amount and arrangement of vertical flexural reinforcement

at the base .
Checking that limits of reinforcement content, bar size, and spacing .
Where the extreme fiber compressive stress in the wall due to combined stress in

the wall due to combined axial load and bending is greater than 0.2fck ,boundary
elements shall be provide along the vertical boundaries of wall. The boundary
element may be discontinued where the calculated compressive stress becomes
less than 0.15 fck
The minimum vertical reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0025 of the gross area

CAPACITY DESIGN OF CANTILEVER WALL

SYSTEM
STEP: 7-DESIGN FOR SHEAR STRENGTH
Magnified design wall shear force and corresponding shear stress are determined
Provide horizontal reinforcement for shear force.
Nominal shear strength v =Vu/twdw
Vus =(0.87*fy*Ah*dw)/Sv
Vu=factored shear force
tw=thickness of web
dw=effective depth of wall section
STEP:8- DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

CASE STUDY

A G+9 storied commercial building located in Ahmedabad. The lateral load resisting system is Ductile shear wall

with SMRF. The building is supported on 1m thick raft foundation .for analyzing seismic load calculation take zone 3.
Total height of building 30m
Height between each floor is 3m
Width of the building 15m
Length of the building 15m
The size of beam is 200X600
The thickness of slab is 200mm
The thickness of shear wall is 200mm

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

LOADS
DEAD LOAD
Self weight of slab
SDL of the slab is1.5km/m2
Self weight of beam
200mm thk shear wall load
200 mm thk wall load on periphery of the building in each floor
1m height 200 mm thk parapet load on periphery of the building in roof only

LIVE LOAD
Live load is taken in as 3KN/m2

LOADS
DEAD LOAD
Wt. of slab in each floor
Wt. of beam in each floor
Wt. of shear wall in each floor
wall at periphery
Parapet on roof
Total dead load in the building
LIVE LOAD
Live load on each floor
Total live load

=(15X15)(.15X25)(1.5)
=1181.25KN
= (.2X.6X25)86
= 258KN
= (.2X3X25)34
= 510KN
=((.2x20)+1)2.5X34
= 425KN
=((.2x20)+1)1.0X60
=300KN
=26385KN
= (15X15)x3
=168.75KN
=6750KN

SEISMIC LOAD
Zone factor(Z) = 0.16 for Zone 3
Response reduction factor (R)= 5 for (SMRF)
Importance factor(I) = 1.5
Base dimension along X dir dx = 15m
Base dimension along Z dir dz = 15m
Total height of building = 30m
Time period along x dir(T) = .09h/d

=.697sec
Base dimension along Z dir dz = 15m
Total height of building = 30m
Time period along x dir(T) = .09h/d
=.697sec
Time period along z dir(T) = .09h/d
=.697sec

SEISMIC LOAD
Sa/g in the x and y direction
damping is 5% for RCC building
Type of soil Medium soil
Sa/g = 1.95

BASE SHEAR(Vb)
Vb=AhW
W= Seismic weight of the building
Ah=Design horizontal seismic coefficient
Ah= ZISa/2Rg

=(.16X1X1.95)/(2x5)
=.0312

SEISMIC WEIGHTS
DEAD LAOD
Wt. of slab in each floor
Wt. of beam in each floor
Wt. of shear wall in each floor
Taking shear wall with each floor
Wall at periphery
Parapet on roof

=(15X15)((.2X25)+(1.5))
=1462.5KN
= (.2X.6X25)86
= 258KN
= (.2X3X25)34
= 510KN
=255KN
=((.2x20)+1)2.5X34
= 425KN
=((.2x20)+1)1.0X60
=300KN

SEISMIC WEIGHTS
LIVE LOAD
Up to class 3KN/m2,we take 25% of the load
Live load on floor
= (15X15)(3X.25)
=168.75KN
Total gravity load on roof
=1462.5+258+255+212.5+300
=2488KN
Total gravity load per floor
=1462.5+258+510+425+168.75
=2824KN
BASE SHEAR(Vb)
=AhxW
=.0312x(9x2824+2448)
=870KN
excel

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE TO EACH

FLOOR

CENTER OF MASS OF BUILDING IN X AND Y

DIRECTION

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE TO

INDIVIDUAL SHEAR WALLS ALONG X-AXIES

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE TO

INDIVIDUAL SHEAR WALLS ALONG X-AXIES

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE TO

INDIVIDUAL SHEAR WALLS ALONG X-AXIES

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE TO

INDIVIDUAL SHEAR WALLS ALONG Y-AXIES

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE TO

INDIVIDUAL SHEAR WALLS ALONG Y-AXIES

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE TO

INDIVIDUAL SHEAR WALLS ALONG Y-AXIES

BASE SHEAR FOR EACH WALLS IN X-AXIS

BASE SHEAR FOR EACH WALLS IN Y-AXIS

DISTRIBUTION OF FORCE AND STOREY SHEAR IN X

DIRECTION
182KN
164KN
146KN
127KN
109KN
91KN
73KN
55KN
36KN
18KN
EQX IN EACH FLOOR

182KN
346KN
492KN
619KN
728KN
819KN
898KN
947KN
983KN
STOREY SHEAR IN EACH FLOOR

1001KN

DISTRIBUTION OF FORCE AND STOREY SHEAR IN

Y DIRECTION
185KN
167KN
148KN
130KN
111KN
93KN
74KN
56KN
37KN

185KN
351KN
500KN
629KN
740KN
832KN
906KN
962KN
999KN

19KN
EQY IN EACH FLOOR

STOREY SHEAR IN EACH FLOOR

1017KN

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TYPE WALL

REFERENCE .Medhekar ,M.S and Jain.S.K, Seismic Design

Horizontal length of wall(Iw)=5000mm

and Detailing of RC Shear Walls,Part1 Behavior and strength,

Thickness of shear wall(tw)=200mm

Part 2 Design and Detailing Indian Concrete Journal ,Vol

67,No.7,No9 1993

Effective length of wall(dw)=0.8X5000

=4000mm
Grade of concrete =25N/mm2
Grade of steel=415N/mm2
Loading

Axial force(KN) Moment(KNm) Shear(KN)

DL+LL

3740

500

100

EQ X

271

5693

690

1.2(DL+LL+EQX)

4813

9200

950

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TYPE WALL

SHEAR STRENGTH REQUIRED
Nominal shear strength v =Vu/twdw (IS 13920 clause 9.2.1)
= 950000/200X4000
=1.1875N/mm2
cmax = 3.1N/mm2 (SP16 Table J)
v<cmax safe in shear
Assume horizontal and vertical reinforcement (As)is 0.25% and concrete grade
M25,permissible shear stress in concrete is c=0.36N/mm2
v<c , shear force required for horizontal shear reinforcement
Vus=(v-c)twdw (IS 13920 clause 9.2.5)
= (1.1875-.36)x200X4000
= 662KN

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TYPE WALL

Spacing required for two legged 10mmtor bar is
Vus =0.87xfyxAhxdw/Sv (IS 13920 clause 9.2.5)
Sv =0.87x415x(2x.7853x10x10)x4000/662000
=171.34mm
Provide 2 legged 10mmtor150mmC/c horizontal and vertical direction
As/Sv= 157.07/150=1.047
The minimum horizontal and vertical reinforcement ratio=.0025x200=.5 (IS 13920
clause 9.1.4)

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TYPE WALL

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF WALL

Xu/Iw Xu*/Iw

Muv/fck*tw*Iw=[(1+/)(-0.416Xu/Iw)-(Xu/Iw)(0.168+/3)
Where;

Xu/lw=(+/2+0.36)

Xu*/Iw=(0.0035/0.0035+0.87fy/Es)

=(0.87fyp/fck)

=(Pu/fck*tw*Iw)

p=Ast/(tw*Iw)=Asv/tw*Sv

=.87fy/(.0035Es)

Es=200000N/mm2

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TYPE WALL

p=1.047/200= .005253
=.87x415x.005235/25=.0756
= 4813000/25x200x5000=.1925
= .87x415/.0035X200000=.516
Xu/lw= (.0756+.1925)/(2x.0756+.36)=.525
Xu*/Iw=(0.0035/0.0035+0.87x415/200000)=.66
Xu/Iw Xu*/Iw
Muv/fck*tw*Iw=.0756[(1+.1925/.0756)(-0.416x.525)-(.525)(0.168+.516/3)=.07
Muv=.07x25x200x5000

=8767KNm
The remaining moment Mu-Muv=9200-8767=433KNm shall be resisted by reinforcement in

boundary element

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TYPE WALL

BOUNDARY ELEMENT (IS 13920 clause 9.4)
Where the extreme fiber compressive stress in the wall due to combined stress in
the wall due to combined axial load and bending is greater than 0.2fck ,boundary
elements shall be provide along the vertical boundaries of wall. The boundary
element may be discontinued where the calculated compressive stress becomes
less than 0.15 fck
Iw=5000mm
tw= 200mm
Ag=1000x10mm
Iy=tw*Iw/12= 2.083xe12mm4
fc= Pu/Ag+Mu(Iw/2)/Iy
=4.813+11.04=15.85> .2*fck=5, Boundary element required

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TYPE WALL

Size of boundary element 500x200

c/c distance between boundary element=4500mm
Axial force on the boundary element due to earthquake loading=(Mu-Muv)/Cw
(IS13920 clause 9.2.1)
=(9200-8767)/4.5= 96KN
= 4000x200/{(4000x200)+2(500x200)}=0.8
=(1-0.8)/2=0.10
The maximum factored compression on the boundary element
=96+0.10x1.2(3740+271)=577KN
The factored tension on the boundary element =[0.10x(0.80x3740-1.2x271)-97]=
167KN
Assuming short column action the axial load carrying capacity of boundary element
with I% of reinforcement is
Pu =0.4fckAsc+0.67fyAsc=100KN Provide 6No of T16bar (IS 456:2002 clause
39.3)

DETAIL OF SHEAR WALL

CONCLUSION
The torsional effects in a building can be minimized by proper location of vertical

resisting elements and mass distribution. Shear walls should be employed for
increasing stiffness where necessary and be uniformly distributed in both principal
direction
Multi storied RCC building shear walls are now fast becoming as popular as an

alternate structural form for resisting the earthquake force.

REFERENCES
Seismic design of RCC and Masonry building ,T.Pauly M.J.N . Priesley
Hand book of concrete engineering ,Mark Fintel
Medhekar ,M.S and Jain.S.K, Seismic Design and Detailing of RC Shear

Walls,Part1 Behavior and strength, Part 2 Design and Detailing

Indian Concrete Journal ,Vol 67,No.7,No9 1993
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure: Pankaj Agarwal and Manish Shrikhande
Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design: P.C. Varghese
IS 1893, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure-Part1:2002
IS 13920, Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete structure subjected to seismic

force, 1993
IS 456(2000) Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete