Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fundamentals
Chapter 35
Objectives
Explain refrigeration fundamentals
Describe the difference between the high and
low sides of the system
List the major heating and air-conditioning parts
and describe their operation
Introduction
This chapter covers:
Basic operation and service of heating and airconditioning systems
Emphasis on learning system operation and
performing minor service and diagnostic
procedures
Sources of Heat
The system adds heat in the winter
Removes it in the summer
Sources of heat
Passengers
Outside air
Road
Engine
Catalytic converter
Sunlight
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Ventilation
Fresh air replaces stale air
Prevents carbon monoxide from exhaust
Heating
Engine coolant is routed to heater core
Air passes over fins of the heater core
Air doors
Open and close to control air flow
Air Conditioning
Air in passenger compartment is cooled, dried,
and circulated
Heat is removed from inside to outside
Air-Conditioning Principles
Must be a transfer
of heat for
refrigerant to
change state
Liquid absorbs
heat as changes to
gas
Vapor releases
heat as changes to
liquid
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Heat Transfer
Heat flows to anything with less heat
Convection
Heat rises
Heat always flows from hot to cold
Radiation
Example: heat from the sun
Evaporation
Moisture absorbs heat as it is vaporized
Example: perspiration
Humidity
Low humidity
Permits heat to be taken away from the human
body
Evaporation and perspiration
High humidity
Makes evaporation difficult
People feel as comfortable at 79F with 30%
humidity as at 72F at 90% humidity
States of Matter
Common matter exists in three states
depending on temperature
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Latent Heat
Sensible heat
Goes into matter
Results in temperature increase
Latent heat
Extra heat required for matter to change state
Cannot be recorded on a thermometer
Additional concepts
Quantity of heat
Vaporization
Condensation
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Air-Conditioning System
Operation
Closed system
Compressor
Condenser
Evaporator
Metering device
Absorbing Heat
Process
Liquid refrigerant is circulated to the evaporator
Loses pressure as it exits the metering device
Absorbs heat from inside of car
Boils and vaporizes
Pressurized again
Gives off heat to outside air
Each cycle through evaporator absorbs at least
25 of heat from air blowing across it
Reducing Humidity
Sources
Outside air
Breathing of passengers
Compressor clutch
Electromagnetic clutch connects and
disconnects from the crankshaft pulley
Condenser design
Several designs
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Air-Conditioning Compressors
Compressor designs
Several types
Air-Conditioner Compressors
(cont'd.)
Scroll compressor
Moveable scroll oscillates around a fixed scroll
Rotary vane
Blades like power steering pump
Electric compressors
Pressurize the air-conditioning system so the
engine does not have to be run
Used in hybrids
Compressor Lubrication
Similar to two-stroke gasoline engines
Lubricated by oil carried in refrigerant
Heat transfer diminished when oil flows with
refrigerant
Newer designs keep oil within the compressor
Muffler
Some systems
have a muffler
installed on the
compressor outlet
Due to pumping
noises due to
high or low side
pressure
vibrations from
multiple pistons
Accumulator or Receiver/Dryer
Both devices have a desiccant
Removes moisture
Receiver/dryer
Located on high-pressure side
Ensures that pure liquid refrigerant supplied to
expansion valve
Accumulator
Located on low-pressure side
Accumulates liquid and lets it become vapor
before it goes back in
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System Switches
Include:
Ambient temperature switch keeps compressor
from working when outside temperature cold
Low-pressure cutout switch prevents system from
operating with too little refrigerant
High-pressure cutout switch shuts off compressor if
discharge pressure too high
Pressure relief valve bleeds off pressure
Cutoff switch shuts off clutch during WOT operation
Air-conditioning control switch
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Automatic Air-Conditioning
Sensors
Sensor inputs maximize system performance
Outside air temperature (OAT) sensor denies
compressor operation between 35F and 45F
Sunload sensor opens blend door and spins the
blower faster in response to sunlight intensity
Discharge duct temperature sensor senses the
temperature of air leaving the duct
Interior temperature sensor is sometimes used
for the first few minutes of vehicle operation