CONTROL SYSTEMS

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

Control s/m is a combination of elements arranged in planned

manner where each element produce desire o/p.
System: It is a group of elements arranged in sequence to
achieve a desired function.
S/M is collection of objects & arrange in manner to achieve AIM or
OUTPUT.
s/m has i/p, o/p and way to achieve this i/p-o/p combination.
Control : It means to Regulate, Direct or Command a s/m so that
desired objective is obtained.
Control system : It is arrangement of different physical element
connected in such a manner so as to regulate, direct or command it
self to achieve certain objectives
Examples :
Manufacturing process.
Servomechanism in battle-ship, space craft, nuclear reactor, bottling
plants.
Guided missiles, nuclear power weapons.
Robotics.

Block diagram of BASIC CONTROL S/M

I/P variable

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

(actuating sig.)

Control
system

O/P variable
(controlled
variable)
C

An example is :
Position of
steering
wheel

Steering
mechanism

Direction of
steering
wheel

The variable C is to be controlled by an actuating sig e through

the elements of the control s/m.
Input : The excitation applied to control s/m from external source
in order to produce o/p called i/p.
Out put : The actual response obtained from a s/m is called O/P.
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Classification of control system

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

control action is a quantity responsible for

activating the system to produce o/p
Control system may be classified into two types
depending upon control action is dependant on
status of o/p.

Open loop control system

Closed loop control system

Open loop control s/m : The s/m in which control

action is totally independent of o/p of the s/m is
called OLCS
Closed loop control s/m : The s/m in which
control action is somehow dependent on o/p of the
s/m is called CLCS.

Open loop control system

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

The reference i/p is applied to controller or

amplifier whose o/p is actuating sig., actuates
control s/m and drives control variable (i.e o/p)
The i/p is no way affected by controlled o/p.
i/p is fixed by judgment and estimate.
Change in s/m component may also change in o/p
quantity.
The disturbance sig may cause change in o/p
quantity.
Command
Or
Reference sig

Controller
Or
Amplifier

Actuatin
g
sig

Plant

Controlled
o/p

Examples of open loop CS

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

Electric heating device without thermostat (i.e

electric iron and room heater)
Automatic washing machine.
Automatic traffic light s/m.
Electric hand drier
Bread toaster
Automatic coffee / milk server
Automatic Electric lift.
Gasoline engine

Advantages of open loop control s/m

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

The most simplest in construction and design

Economical
Easy to maintain because of absence of
complex electronic circuitry
Proper calibration is not a problem as the
operation of the s/m is fully controlled by
human operator
They are cheaper
Not much problems of stability

Disadvantage of open loop CS

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

Usually
inaccurate
and
unreliable(accuracy
depends on accuracy of calibration)
The control adjustment depends on human
operator he must knew which gives in accurate
result due to atmospheric and other condition
Parameter variation fluctuates the o/p
This s/m do not adapt to variation in environmental
condition and external disturbances
These s/ms are slow because they normally
controlled by human & he is not efficient to control
several parameters simultaneously
Only few variables can be introduced in these s/ms

Close loop control system

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

i/p command : This sig is generally produce by

potentiometer or suitably transducer and applied to
comparator.
Comparator or error detector: That compares ref. sig and
f/b sig and by this error sig is produce. Error sig shows
how much o/p deviates from reference.
Forward path

Input
command

comparator

Ref.
Ref.
Transduc
Transduc
er
er

Error
Ref. sig sig

Controller
Controller

Actuating
sig

Plant
Plant

Feed back
sig.
Feed back

Feed back
element
element

Feedback
path

Disturbanc
e

Controlled
o/p

Close loop control system

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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Feed back: the sig from o/p is applied to feed

back n/w. this produces the sig proportional to
o/p. f/b sig fed to comparator. There shoed be
ve or +ve type feed back possible. If f/b sig is
equal to o/p then it is called unity f/b s/m.
normally it is less then unity.

Examples of closed loop CS

Automatic electric iron

Launching of guided missiles
Machine tool positioning etc. . .
Thermo
state
Roo
m
temp

Actual temp

Error sig

Controller

Hot
air

Furnace
Heat source

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Comparison

Desired temp

Home heating
s/m

Oil valve

Oil supply

Advantages of CLCS
Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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Accuracy is very high as error arising is corrected

Faster response compared to human being
Senses changes in o/p due to environmental
disturbences and parametric changes
Used in hazardous and remote areas like chemical
plants, areas with high nuclear radiation, at very &
high low temperature.
Decision making is very fast
Reduced effect of non-linearity
More reliable then human operator hence led
automation
Number of variables can be handled simultaneously.

Disadvantages of CLCS
Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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More expensive
Installation and adjustment becomes difficult
Maintenance is difficult as it involves
complicated electronics and done by a trainee
If there is any fault in instrument to faulty
error sig. then no type of control is possible.
Such a fault is difficult and time consuming.

Comparison of OLCS & CLCS

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

Open loop

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No f/b is applied
No error detector
s/m is simple & requires less
components
Inaccurate
High sensitive to parameter changes
More stable
Disturbance cause change in desired
o/p.
Economical
Small bandwidth

Closed loop

f/b is applied
Error detector is present
Complex & requires more
components
Accurate
Less sensitive
May become unstable
Disturbance change the o/p but
corrective action done & desired o/p
obtained
Costly
Large bandwidth

Servo mechanism

Servo mechanism refers to the s/m which is

mainly concern with the physical positioning of
the load. i.e position control s/m.
They use f/b to set the o/p to the desired level.
So they are closed loop s/m.
Examples.

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Positioning of load
Gun barrel position control
Control of wings and tail of air craft
Positioning of control rods in nuclear reactors
CNC machine tool drives
Automatic tracking of satellite

Gun barrel position control

In this the gun barrel is positioned in any desired direction viewed from gun sight.
It is rotated by 2 motors.

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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Azimuthal
elevation

Gun barrel position control

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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Azimuth servo: It gives command sig to azimuth

comparator from the gun sight
Azimuth comparator: It compares two signals one
from azimuth servo & other f/b sig.
Azimuth amplifier: It amplifies error sig generated by
comparator
Azimuth amplidyne: it generates sufficient power to
drive DC motor to position the gun barrel in azimuth
direction
Azimuth f/b servo: it gives f/b sig from yhe gun
barrel to comparator.
Similarly the gun barrel position is controlled in
vertical. i.e elevation.

Automatic tracking of satellite

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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In satellite communication s/m the antenna at ground station has to

be positioned correctly so as to send sig right to antenna of the
satellite.

Ac position control system

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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Used in the hazardous & remote areas to control

position of load.
For this a synchro transmitter, synchro control
transformer, an amplifier, 2 phase servo motor, load
are connected.

Ac position control system

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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If rotor of transmitter is shifted in position an

error voltage is generated in control
transformer.
This is amplified by the amplifier & fed to
control winding of 2 phase servo motor.
Thus we can change position of the load with
help of rotor of servo motor.
When the load shaft shifts its position rotor of
control transformer shifts through same angle
as that of transmitter, the error become zero.
Hence load at the remote end can be
positioned

Regulators
Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

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Regulators are closed loop control s/m which

are concern with control of a quantity.
Examples;
Temperature control of a furnace
Voltage control of generator
Pressure regulation in a vessel
Liquid level control in over head tank
Voltage regulation in power supply
Control of liquid flow through pipe

Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

Automatic tracking of satellite

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Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

Automatic tracking of satellite

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Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

Automatic tracking of satellite

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Prepared by : Nidhi Patel

Automatic tracking of satellite

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