BLOOD

By,
M.Soundharya
XI B

What is Blood?
Bloodis

a specializedbody-

fluidinanimals which delivers

necessary substances such as
nutrients andoxygento cellsand
transports metabolic waste products
away from the cells
It consists of fluid matrix , plasma

Constituents of blood

Plasma
Plasma
a straw coloured
Viscous fluid
55 % of the blood
Contains:

Water = 93%
Proteins = 6-8%
Most abundant plasma proteins: albumins,
globulins, and fibrinogen

Plasma Proteins
Albumins

Help in osmotic balance

Globulins

are involved in defense mechanisms of the

body.

Fibrinogen

Essential in process of blood clotting

Formed elements
Erythrocytes
Known as red blood cells (RBC)
biconcave-shape
No nucleus in mature red blood cell

Main component = haemoglobin

Primary function = transport oxygen to cells

of body
Average life span = approximately 120 days

Formed elements
Leucocytes
Known as white blood cells (WBC)
Mature WBC has a nucleus
does not have haemoglobin

Two categories

granulocytes
agranulocytes

Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm

Agranulocytes have no granules in their cytoplasm

Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Most abundant cells of WBC
Phagocytic in nature which destroy foreign organisms

entering the body

Basophils
Least abundant of all WBCs
Secrete histamine during allergic reactions
Secrete heparin a natural anticoagulant
Involved in inflammatory reactions

Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Constitute approximately 2-3 percent of

all WBCs
Resist infections and are also affected

with allergic reactions

Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Constitute approximately 20-25 percent of all WBCs
Are of two types
B type
T type

Both B and T forms are responsible for immune

responses of the body

Thrombocytes
Thrombocytes
cells fragments produced from

megakaryocytes
Also known as platelets
Contain no heamoglobin
Essential for normal clotting of blood

Blood Groups
Blood

Type A

Has A-antigen present on RBC

Has Anti-B antibody present in plasma

Blood

Type B

Has B-antigen present on RBC

Has Anti-A antibody present in plasma

Blood Groups
Blood

Type AB

Has AB-antigens present on RBC

Has no antibodies present in plasma

Blood

Type O

Has no antigens present on RBC

Has both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies present

in plasma

Blood
HhhhhGroups
h
Universal

Donor Blood

Type O
No A antigens or B antigens present on its RBCs

Universal

Recipient Blood

Type AB
No anti-A or Anti-B antigens present in its

plasma

Rh Factor
Rh

Positive (Rh+)

Rh antigen is present on the RBC

Rh

Negative (Rh-)

Rh antigen not present on the RBC

If an Rh negative women bears an Rh positive foetus,

at the time of delivery of the first child, when foetal
blood comes in contact with the mothers blood , antiRh antibodies are formed by the mothers blood.

Rh Factor

These antibodies remain in the blood of the

mother for a long period of time

If a second Rh- positive foetus is given birth

by the mother, then the anti Rh- antibodies in
the mothers blood enter the foetal circulation
and destroy the RBCs, it results in jaundice
and severe anaemia in the new born.

Such a condition is known as erythroblastosis

foetalis.

Blood Clotting
Clotting

of blood = coagulation

Injury to blood vessel creates roughened area in

vessel
Platelets come in contact with rough spot and

disintegrate
Release substance called thromboplastin

Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin

In presence of calcium ions and other clotting factors

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin

Fibrin threads form a mesh that forms the clot

Thank you