Week-9

 Window Installation
 NTFS vs FAT
 Digital Representation
 Coding Scheme
 Numbering System
 Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
 Conversion from one number system to other
 Binary to Others
 Decimal to Others
 Octal to Others
 Hexadecimal to Others
 Window XP Installation
 Window Installation

 http://www.echoproject.net/en/index.html

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 FAT vs NTFS
 Formatting
 Formatting a disk means configuring the disk with a file system so
that Windows can store information on the disk.
 Formatting erases any existing files on a hard disk. If you format a
hard disk that has files on it, the files will be deleted.
 FAT32
 FAT32, were used in earlier versions of Windows operating systems,
including Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition.
 FAT32 does not have the security that NTFS provides,
 FAT32 also has size limitations.
 You cannot create a FAT32 partition greater than 32GB in this
version of Windows, and
 You cannot store a file larger than 4GB on a FAT32 partition.

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 FAT vs NTFS (Cont’d)

 NTFS
 The capability to recover from some disk-related errors automatically, which
FAT32 cannot.
 Improved support for larger hard disks.
 Better security because you can use permissions and encryption to restrict
access to specific files to approved users.
 Quick format
 Quick format is a formatting option that creates a new file table on a hard
disk but does not fully overwrite or erase the disk. A quick format is much
faster than a normal format, which fully erases any existing data on the hard
disk.
 A partition is an area of a hard disk that can be formatted and assigned a
drive letter.
 The terms partition and volume are often used interchangeably.
 Your system partition is typically labeled with the letter C.
 Letters A and B are reserved for removable drives or floppy disk drives.

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 Digital Representation

 We already know that inside a computer system, data is

stored in a format that can’t easily read by human beings.
 This is the reason why input and output (I/O) interfaces
are required.
 Every computer stores numbers, letters and other special
characters in a coded form.
 Different sets of bit pattern have been designed to
represent text symbols.
 Each set is called a code, and the process of representing
symbols is called coding.

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 Data Representation (Cont’d)

 How is a letter converted to binary form and back?

Step 1. Step 2.
An electronic signal for the
The user presses the
capital letter D is sent to the
capital letter D
system unit.
(shift+D key) on the
keyboard.

Step 4. Step 3.
After processing, the binary code The signal for the capital letter D is
for the capital letter D is converted converted to its ASCII binary code
to an image, and displayed on the (01000100) and is stored in memory
output device. for processing.

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 Digital Representation (Cont’d)
 Different coding schemes are used like BCD, EBCDIC, ANSI.
 E.g.
In EBCDIC letter “a” is represented by
10000001
In ASCII letter “a” is represented by
01100001

 The standard ASCII code uses now 8-bit to represent 255 symbols
including upper-case letters, lower-case letters, special control codes,
numeric digits & certain punctuation symbols.
 For example
 A----Z, a----z, 0---9, (,), +, -, *, /, ?, <, >, shift, ctrl, enter etc…

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 Data Representation (Cont’d)

 ASCII
 EBCDIC
 Unicode—coding scheme capable of representing all
world’s languages

ASCII Symbol EBCDIC

00110000 0 11110000
00110001 1 11110001
00110010 2 11110010
00110011 3 11110011

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 Numbering System
 Basic understanding of the number system.

 A numbering system defined as “A set of values used to

represent quantity.”

 e.g.
 The number of students attending class, the number of
subjects taken per student and also use numbers to
represent grades achieved by students in class.

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 Types Of Numbering System
 NON-POSITIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM
 In early days, human being counted on fingers, stones, pebbles
or sticks were used to indicate values.
 This method of counting an additive approach or the non-
positional number system.
 In this system, symbols such as I, II, III, IV etc.

 POSITIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM

 In positional number system, there are only few symbols called
digits, and these symbols represent different values depending
on the position they occupy in the number.

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 Types of Positional Number Systems
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No

Hexa-decimal 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
A, B, … F

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 Base or Radix Number Systems
Each number system has a number of different digits which is called
the radix or the base of the number system.

• Decimal Base = 10
• Binary Base = 2
• Octal Base = 8
• Hexadecimal (Hex) Base = 16

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 Types of Positional Numbering System (Cont’d)

 Binary number System

 The binary number system uses two digits to represent
numbers, the values are 0 & 1. This numbering system is
sometime called the Base 2 numbering system. (0,1)2

 “BInary
BI digiT” is often referred to by the common abbreviation
BIT.
BIT Thus, a “bit” in a computer terminology means either a 0
or a 1.

 This number system is natural to an electronic machines or

devices as their mechanism based on the OFF or ON switching
of the circuits.

 Therefore, 0 represent the OFF & 1 represent ON state of the

circuit.

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 Types of Positional Numbering System (Cont’d)

 Octal Number System

 The octal number system uses eight values to represent numbers.
The values are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)8 the base of this system is
eight.
 Decimal Number System
 The word decimal is a derivative of decem, which is the Latin word
for ten.
 The number system that we use day-to-day life is called the
Decimal number system. OR
 The most popular & commonly used number system is the Decimal
number system as it supports the entire mathematical &
accounting concept in the world.

 The base is equal to ten because there are altogether ten digits (1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)10
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 Types of Positional Numbering System (Cont’d)

 Hexadecimal Number System

 The hexadecimal number system has 16-digits or symbols (hexa
means six & decimal means 10 so sum is sixteen) are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)16 , so it has the base 16.
 This system uses numerical values from 0 to 9 & alphabets from A
to F.
 Alphabets A to F represent decimal numbers from 10 to 15.

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 Binary Number System

Base (Radix) 2
Digits 0, 1
e.g. 11102

8=23 4=22 2=21 1=20

1 1 1 0

The digit 1 in the third position from the right represents the
value 4 and the digit 1 in the fourth position from the right
represents the value 8.

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 Decimal Number System
Base (Radix) 10
Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
e.g. 747510
The magnitude represented by a digit is decided by the
position of the digit within the number.
1000 100 10 1
7 4 7 5

For example the digit 7 in the left-most position of 7475

counts for 7000 and the digit 7 in the second position from
the right counts for 70.
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 Octal Number System
Base (Radix) 8
Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
e.g. 16238
512=83 64=82 8=81 1=80

1 6 2 3

The digit 2 in the second position from the right represents

the value 16 and the digit 1 in the fourth position from the
right represents the value 512.
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 Hexadecimal Number System

Base (Radix) 16
Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A, B, C, D, E, F
e.g. 2F4D 16

4096=163 256=162 16=161 1=160

2 F 4 D

The digit F in the third position from the right represents

the value 3840 and the digit D in the first position from the
right represents the value 1.
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 Standard Conversion Table
 The standard conversion table gives us a quick overview of
equivalencies of numbers in different Numbering Systems.
Octal Binary
4 2 1
22 21 20
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0
5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0
7 1 1 1
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Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
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Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal

8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
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Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal

16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
Etc.
23 10111 27 17
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 Conversion Among Bases
 The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadec
imal

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 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base

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Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base

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 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Binary to Decimal
 Technique
 Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
 The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
 Add the results

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 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310

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 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Octal to Decimal
 Technique
 Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
 The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
 Add the results

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 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810

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 Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Hexadecimal to Decimal
 Technique
 Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
 The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
 Add the results

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 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

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 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Decimal to Binary
 Technique
 Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
 First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
 Second remainder is bit 1
 Etc.

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 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012

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 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Octal to Binary
 Technique
 Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation

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 Example

7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012

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 Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Hexadecimal to Binary
 Technique
 Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary
representation

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 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

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 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Decimal to Octal
 Technique
 Divide by 8
 Keep track of the remainder

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 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228

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 Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Decimal to Hexadecimal
 Technique
 Divide by 16
 Keep track of the remainder

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 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216

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 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Binary to Octal
 Technique
 Group bits in threes, starting on right
 Convert to octal digits

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 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278

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 Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Binary to Hexadecimal
 Technique
 Group bits in fours, starting on right
 Convert to hexadecimal digits

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 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
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 Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Octal to Hexadecimal
 Technique
 Use binary as an intermediary

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 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
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 Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadec
Binary
imal

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 Hexadecimal to Octal
 Technique
 Use binary as an intermediary

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 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1
4

1F0C16 = 174148
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 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal

33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

Answe
r
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 Common Powers (1 of 2)
 Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value

10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro µ .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000

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 Common Powers (2 of 2)
 Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value

210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally applies

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Example
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =

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