CALCULATING CONCENTRATION

PERIODIC TABLE

PERCENT COMPOSITION BY MASS(%)

This is the mass of solute divided the mass of solution(mass of

solvent + mass of solute), multiplied by 100.

Mass(%) = Solute / solution * 100

Example:
Determine % composition by mass of a 100 g salt solution
which contain 20 g salt.
SOLUTION:
20 g NaCl / 100 g solution * 100 = 20 % NaCl solution.

VOLUME PERCENT (% V/V)

Volume percent or volume/volume percent most often is used

when preparing solutions of Liquid.

v/v (%) = volume of solute / volume of solution * 100

MOLE FRACTION (X)

This is the Number of moles of a compound divided by the Total

Number of moles of all chemical species in the solution.
Keep in mind, The sum of all mole fractions always equals 1.
Example :
What are the mole fraction of the component of the solution
formed when 92 g Glycerol is mixed with 90 g water ? (92 M.W.
of glycerol & 18 M.W. of water)
Solution :
Formula for Mol = mass/ M.W. (in gm/mol) ; Unit =gm/
gm/mol=mol
90 g Water = 90 g / 18 g/mol = 5 mol water
92 g Glycerol = 92 g / 92 g/mol = 1 mol Glycerol
Total mol
= 5+1= 6 mol

MOLE FRACTION (X)

Xwater = 5 mol / 6 mol = 0.833

XGLYCEROL = 1 mol / 6 mol = 0.167
Its a good idea to check your math by making sure the mole
fractions add up to 1.
Xwater+ XGLYCEROL = 0.833 + 0.167= 1.000

MOLARITY (M)

Molarity (M) = moles of Solute / liter of solution

Example :
What is the molarity of solution made when water is added to
11 g CaCl2 (m.w. 110) to make a 100 ml of solution?
SOLUTION :
100ml =0.1 L
Mol of CaCl2 = 11g / 110g = 0.1 mol
Molarity (M) = 0.1 mol / 0.1 L = 1 M

MOLALITY

Molality (m) = Number of moles of Solute / Kg of Solvent

The density of water at 25c is about 1 kg/L, molality is
approximately equal to molarity for dilute aqueous solution at
this temperature. This is a useful approximation, but remember
that it is only an approximation and doesnt apply when the
solution at different temperature , isnt dilute, or uses a solvent
other than water.
Example :
What is the molality of solution of 10g of NaOH in 500g Water?
SOLUTION :
10g NaOH = 0.25 mol NaOH
Molality = 0.25 mol / 0.50 Kg
Molality = 0.5 m

NORMALITY (N)

The Normality is equal to the gram equivalent weight of a

solute per liter of solution. A equivalent weight or equivalent is
a measure of reactive capacity of a given molecule. Normality
is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent.

N = 1000*gm of solute / equivalent wt.*ml of solution

Equ. Wt = m.w. / no.s of H+ or OH- ion

DILUTION

You dilute a solution whenever you add solvent to a solution.

Adding solvent result in a solution of lower concentration. You can
calculate the concentration of a solution following a dilution by
applying equation.
MiVi = MfVf
Where, M = molarity
V = volume
i & f = initial & final values
Example :
Howmany ml of 5.5 M NaOH are needed to prepare 300ml of 1.2
M NaOH ?

DILUTION

5.5 M * V1 = 1.2 M * 0.3 L

V1 = 1.2M * 0.3 L/ 5.5 M
= 65 ml
So. To prepare 1.2M NaOH solution, you pour 65ml of 5.5M
NaOH into your container and add water to get 300 ml final
volume.