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ANALISIS VIBRACIONAL
FFT
3. ESPECTRO FFT
3.1 Integral de Fourier
1
f (x) =
2
iuz
du
f (t )e
g (u) =
f (x) =
f(x) =
iui
1
2
1
dt
f ( t )e
du f (t ) cos u(t x ) dt
iut
dt
Ubicaciones
Importantes
MOTORDE
rms
2.5
Soll
Diff
7.0
7.0
5.3
7.1
O-S
S-S
M
0-Spit
mm/s
Soll
0
0
1.7
-0.1
Ref
Letz
Warn
Alrm
WARN
ALARM
3.7
Diff
3.5
3.5
3.3
8
EREIGN
15 00
SICHRN
0
0
0.2
-4.5
START
Rango Caracteristico de
Frecuencia para las Medidas
Propiedades de las Clases de Mquinas para
Vibracin:
Defectos de baja
frecuencia
frecuencias
de interferencia
( ej: vibracin
de una
columna de
aire)
Defectos de alta
frecuencia
frecuencia
sin importancia
(ej: resonancia
del acople )
v RMS in
mm/s
damages
dBm
dBc
Alarm dBm
Alarm
short
time
operation
Warning
Warning dBm
long time
operation
Alarm dBc
Warning dBc
new
dBi
I = Monitoring interval
Off-line:
On-line:
Off-line:
On-line:
15.03.1991
1
TRENDGRAPH
blower 12 IDE
Espectro
de
Referencia
Medidas en las
posiciones
MAIN
VIBRO CORD
AUXCHARGESLEEP
MOTORDE
rms
7.0
Soll
M 15 00
0-Spit
mm/s
3.5
Diff
Soll
7.0
0
7.0
0
5.3 1.7
7.1 -0.1
Letz
Warn
Alrm
W ARN
ALARM
O- S
S-S
3.5
3.5
3.3
8
Ref
EREIGN
SICHRN
Diff
0
0
0.2
-4.5
1991
START
2637 Hz 1.77
m/s
10
m/s
SETUP
1992
Espectro
de
Alarma
rms
10.5
m/s
DISPLAY MEASURE
MENU
ON
OFF
unbalance
1. RPM
CLR
Hz
FREQ
MARK
MAX10
CURSOR
EREIGN
M
SICHRN
7312
START
ENTER
Medida Caracterstica
v ( 10 Hz - 1000 Hz )
17.08.1992
Multispectrum VIBROCORD
Mxima resolucin 8960 lineas
Resolucin minima ptima 0,125 Hz
en 40 000 Hz de Espectro
Ancho del Rango de Frecuencia 40 000 Hz
Vibracin de Mquinas
Frecuencias Bajas
por ejemplo:
1600 lineas
Frecuencias de Paso
Frecuencias
Medias
Vibraciones de Rodamientos
Frecuencias
Altas
f = 1,25 Hz
f = 0,125 Hz
100
200
400
f = 12,5 Hz
1000
2000
4000
10000
20000
40000
f / Hz
Ruteo Experto
Buena condicin
Problemas Reconocidos
MOTORDE
rms
M
0-Spit
mm/s
MOTORDE
rms
M
0-Spit
mm/s
MOTORDE
Soll
MOTORDE
rms
2.0
Soll
Diff
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.7
Soll
0
0
0.2
-0.7
Letz
Warn
Alrm
EREIGN
rms
M
0-Spit
mm/s
mm/s
A
Soll
Diff
15 00
Soll
Diff
Ref
A
Soll
Letz
Diff
Ref
Warn
Letz
Alrm
START
rms
Ref
Letz
Alrm
Warn
Diff
5.0
5.0
3.8
8.7
Diff
A
Soll
0
0
1.4
-3.5
Ref
Letz
Warn
Alrm
WARN
ALARM
O-S
S-S
EREIGN
0
0
0.5
-2.4
SICHRN
WARN
ALARM
EREIGN
SICHRN
15 00
15 00
Diff
A
Soll
Diff
Letz
Diff
Ref
Warn
Letz
Ref
Alrm
Warn
Letz
Alrm
Warn
MOTORDE
rms
M
0-Spit
mm/s
MOTORDE
rms
M
0-Spit
mm/s
MOTORDE
M
0-Spit
mm/s
A
Soll
Diff
WARN
ALARM
EREIGN
SICHRN
START
15 00
rms
Soll
Diff
15 00
5.8
10.0
2.0
3.6
2.0
3.6
START
Soll
Alrm
O-S
S-S
Diff
15 00
Diff
5.7
0.1
10
0
5.8 2.0 0 0 10 3.6 0 0
4.2 2.01.6
2.0 0 8.3
0 3.61.7
3.6 0 0
7.7 1.8
-.1.9
7 3.33.0
2.00.2 0
3.60.3 0
WARN
O-S
2.7
-0.7
6
-2.4 0.3
1.8
0.2
3.3
EREIGN
SICHRN
START
ALARM
S-S
WARN
O-S
2.7 ALARM
-0.7
6 START -2.4
EREIGN SICHRN
S-S
Soll
Alrm
O-S
S-S
Ref
O-S
S -S
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.1
12
Diff
Soll
15 00
M
0-Spit
mm/s
5.2
Soll
Diff
Soll
Warn
Diff
6.9 2.0
0
3.6
0
10 2.0 2.0
-3 0 12.2
0 3.64.1
3.6 0 0
5.7 1.81.2
9.8 3.36.5
2.00.2 0
3.60.3 0
WARN
2.7 1.8
-0.7
0.2 SICHRN6 START
3.3-2.4 0.3
EREIGN
ALARM
WARN
O-S
2.7 ALARM
-0.7
6 START -2.4
EREIGN SICHRN
S-S
CORD
MOTORDE
15 00
Diff
VIBRO
AUX CHARGESLEEP
mm/s
A
Soll
Soll
MAIN
M
0-Spit
rms
0
0
0.3
-2.4
15 00
2.0
3.6
2.0
3.6
2.0
0 2.0 3.6
0
3.6
MOTORDE
Soll
Diff
SICHRN
mm/s
MOTORDE
15 00
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.3
6
Ref
WARN
ALARM
O-S
S-S
CORD
M
0-Spit
mm/s
rms
VIBRO
AUX CHARGESLEEP
MAIN
M
0-Spit
M
0-Spit
rms
MOTORDE
15 00
7.0
16.3
2.0
3.6
7.2 -0.22.016.3
0
3.6
0.1
16.3
0
Diff
Soll
START
Ref
A
Soll
Diff
Letz
Diff
Ref
Warn
Letz
Ref
Alrm
Warn
Letz
Alrm
Warn
Soll
Diff
Alrm
O-S
S-S
SETUP
DISPLAY
MENU
ON
OFF
MEASURE
SETUP
CLR
ENTER
DISPLAY
MENU
ON
OFF
WARN
ALARM
EREIGN
SICHRN
START
MEASURE
CLR
ENTER
MOTORDE
2637 Hz 1.77 m/s
10
m/s
MOTORDE
2637 Hz 1.77 m/s
rms
10.5
m/s
10
m/s
MOTORDE
MOTORDE
2637 Hz 1.77
m/s
10
m/s
rms
10.5
m/s
Hz
MAX10
7312
START
MOTORDE
rms
10.5
m/s
Hz
FREQ
MARK
MAX10
START
Hz
Hz
FREQ
MARK
MAX10
CURSOR EREIGN
M
SICHRN
7312
START
rms
10.5
m/s
rms
10.5
m/s
Hz
MAX10
7312
START
Hz
FREQ
MARK
Hz
FREQ
MARK
rms
10.5
m/s
FREQ
MARK
7312
MOTORDE
2637 Hz 1.77
m/s
10
m/s
FREQ
MARK
2637 Hz 1.77
m/s
10
m/s
rms
10.5
m/s
FREQ
MARK
MOTORDE
MAX10
CURSOR EREIGN
M
SICHRN
7312
START
MAX10
CURSOR EREIGN
M
SICHRN
7312
START
MAX10
CURSOR EREIGN
M
SICHRN
7312
START
Velocidad
Fdin
Fdin
Fstat
Fstat
Fdin
Fstat
lowest speed
machines
1
(1,2)
2
(2,4)
ca. 60
ca. 120
Mquinas de
Baja Velocidad
Mquinas Especiales
10
(12)
Mquinas de
Velocidad Media y
Baja
12,5
(15)
25
(30)
50
(60)
1500
3000
Mquinas de
velocidad media
Mquinas Normales
100
(120)
f in Hz
10000
Mquinas de alta
velocidad
Maquinas Especiales
log frequency
Level 2:
machine park
high number of machines :
hole machine life time cycle
over long periods of time :
technician, production personal
trained personal:
10
20
a in
m/s 2
10
6
4
2
date in month
15
vrms in
mm/s
500
1000
f in Hz
Signal analysis
Amplitude spectra
Envelope spectra
Time signals
analysis of multiples / Bode diagram
Cepstrum analysis
Probability analysis
Trigger time in s,
Measuring location
or
RPM
Amplitude
200
400
600
800
1000
Frequency Hz
80
40
v in
mm/s
Analogue
hardware
measured
0
-40
-80
0
100
200
t in ms
Digital
software
calculated
Frequency Analysis
- Trend Diagnosis -
- Signal Analysis -
10
20
- Machine
Diagnosis -
15
v rms
mm/s
v in
mm/s
10
5
0
Time
500
1000
f in Hz
A1
t
A2
FFT
Frequency Domain:
2
x
A3
t
a) Amplitude Spectrum
A
x
A1
A2
A3
An
An
t
b) Phase Spectrum
Superposition of
Sine / Cosine - Waves
1
100
Time Signal:
50
v in
mm/s
but:
Individual Frequencies of the Vibration Spectrum
almost not visible
-50
-100
200
400
600
200
Amplitude Spectrum:
150
but:
50
0
150
300
450
600
750
f in Hz
Schwingungsspektrum:
aber:
FFT
Fast Fourier Transformation
100
aber:
800
t in ms
v in
mm/s
Time Signal
Spectrum
Practial Application
Unbalance
Time
f in Hz
b) Rectangular
Vibration
mechanical
looseness
Time
3xf 5xf
etc.
f in Hz
c) Shock pulses
with repeat
frequency
f 2xf
Time
d) Amplitude
modulated
Sine Waves
Rotor Rub
etc.
f in Hz
Eccentricity
of Gears
(general problem)
Time
T2
-f2
f1
+f2
f in Hz
T1
Cracked /Broken
Tooth
(local problem)
Time
T2
T1
f1
deformed sinusoidal
Vibration
1.Harmonic
Fundamental Freq.
2.Harmonic
3.Harmonic
4.Harmonic
f1
1.Order
5.Harmonic
2xf1
3xf1
4xf1
5xf1
2.O.
3.O.
4.O.
5.O.
f in Hz
Center Frequency
1x
-1x
left side
bands
bnder
-2x
right side
bands
2x
3x
-3x
-4x
4x
-5x
5x
... -2xf2
-f2
f1
+f2 +2xf2....
f in Hz
Window Function
Spectrum
Practical
Without
(Rectangular Window)
15
v in
mm/s
v in
mm/s
0
0
50
100
150
200
-15
250
t in ms
62,5
125
f in Hz
Hanning
2
(1-cos - evaluation)
15
v in
mm/s
v in
mm/s
-15
0
0
50
100
150
200
15
-15
250
t in ms
62,5
f in Hz
Flat Top
(Bessel-Characteristic)
15
v in
mm/s
v in
mm/s
-15
0
0
50
100
150
t in ms
200
250
15
-15
62,5
f in Hz
125
aRect
2
[m/s ]
aEnv
2
[m/s ]
t in s
t [s]
t [s]
T Pulse Repeat
T Pul se Repeat
TPulse repeat
aEnv
2
[m/s ]
f Repeat Frequency
Time signal of
pulse sequency
f in Hz
Envelope signal
and
Envelope Spectrum
Demodulation
with Low Pass
Frequency Resolution
A
f =
fN
nf
f = Bandwidth
fN = Nyquist frequency
nf = number of lines
fN
f in Hz
Example.:f = 150 Hz
1600
f = 0,09 Hz
(Bandwidth)
low:
high:
99,75
100,04
99,77
99,0
100,5