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CHAPTER

5
AC Meter.
School of Computer and
Communication Engineering, UniMAP
Prepared By:
Amir Razif
Jamil
Abdullah
EMT b.
113:
V-2008

5.0 AC Meters.
5.1 Introduction to AC Meters.
5.2 DArsonval Meter Movement
Half-Wave Rectification.
5.3 DArsonval Meter Movement
Full-Wave Rectification.

with
with

5.1 Introduction to AC
Five principal meter movement that are commonly
used in
ac instruments;
Meters.

(i) Electrodynamometer.
(ii) Iron-Vane.
(iii) Electrostatic.
(iv) Thermocouple.
(v) DArsonval (PMMC) with rectifier.
The dArsonval meter is the most frequently used
meter movement, event though it cannot directly
measure alternating current or voltage.
In this chapter it will discuss the instruments for
measuring alternating signal that use the dArsonval
meter movement.

Contd
(a) AC Voltmeters and Ammeters
AC electromechanical meter movements come in two basic
arrangements:
(1) Based on DC movement designs.
(2) Engineered specifically for AC use.
Permanent-magnet moving coil (PMMC) meter movements
will not work correctly if directly connected to alternating
current, because the direction of needle movement will
change with each half-cycle of the AC.
Permanent-magnet meter movements, like permanentmagnet
motors, are devices whose motion
depends on the polarity of the
applied voltage, Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1: DArsonal


Electromechanical Meter
Movement.

Contd
(b) DC-style Meter Movement for AC application.
If we want to use a DC-style meter movement
such as the D'Arsonval design, the alternating
current must be rectified into DC, Figure 5.2.
This can be accomplished through the use of
devices called diodes.
The diodes are arranged in a bridge, four diodes
will serve to steer AC through the meter movement
in a constant direction throughout all portions of
the AC cycle:

Figure 5.2: Rectified DArsonal


Electromechanical Meter
Movement.

Contd
(c) Iron-Vane Electromechanical.
The AC meter movement without the inherent polarity
sensitivity of the DC types.
This design avoid using the permanent magnets. The
simplest design is to use a non-magnetized iron vane
to move the needle against spring tension, the vane
being attracted toward a stationary coil of wire
energized by the AC quantity to be measured, Figure
5.3.
The electrostatic meter movements
are capable of measuring very high
voltages without need for range
resistors or other, external apparatus.

Figure 5.3: Iron-Vane


Electromachanical Meter
Movement.

Contd
(d) AC Voltmeter with Resistive Divider.
When a sensitive meter movement needs to be reranged to function as an AC voltmeter, seriesconnected "multiplier" resistors and/or
resistive voltage dividers may be employed just
as in DC meter design, Figure 5.4.

Figure 5.4: AC Voltmeter with Resistive


Divider.

Contd
(e) AC Voltmeter with Capacitive Divider.
Capacitors may be used instead of resistors,
though, to make voltmeter divider circuits.
This strategy has the advantage of being nondissipative; no true power consumed and no
heat produced. Refer to Figure 5.5.

Figure 5.5: AC Voltmeter with


Capacitive Divider.
8

5.2 DArsonval Meter


Movement
Half-Wave
In order to measurewith
the alternating
current with
the dArsonval meter movement, we must rectify
Rectification.
the alternating current by use of diode rectifier .

Figure 5.6 is the DC voltmeter circuit modified to


measure AC voltage.
The diode, assume to be ideal diode, has no effect
on the operation of the circuit .
For example if the 10 V sine-wave input is fed as
the source of the circuit, the voltage across the
meter movement is just the positive half-cycle of
the sine wave due to the rectifying effect of the
diode.
Figure 5.6: DC Voltmeter
Circuit Modified to Measure
AC Voltage.

Contd

The peak value of 10 Vrms sine wave is,

E p 10Vrms * 1.414 14.14V peak


or

E ave E dc 0.318 * E p
E ave

Ep

0.45 * E rms

E dc
0.45 E rms
Rs the
half-wave
Rm rectifier is 10V
Rmonly, a dc
If the output voltage from
I dc of approximately
I dc
voltmeter will provide an indication
4.5 V.

From the above equation,

S ac 0.45S dc
10

Example 5.1: DArsonval Meter Half-Wave Rectifier.

Compute the value of the multiplier resistor for a 10 Vrms ac range on the
voltmeter shown in Figure 5.7.

Solution:
Figure 5.7: AC Voltmeter
Find the sensitivity for a half wave rectifier.
Using Half-Wave
Rectification.

S ac 0.45S dc 0.45 *

1
450

I fs
V

Rs S ac * Rangeac Rm

450 10V
*
300 4.2 K
V
1

11

Contd

Commercially produced ac voltmeters that use half-wave


rectification have an additional diode and shunt as
shown in Figure 5.8, which is called instrument rectifier.

. Figure 5.8: Half-Wave Rectification Using an Instrument


Rectifier and a Shunt Resistor.

12

5.3 DArsonval Meter


Movement
with Full-Wave
The full-wave rectifier provide higher sensitivity
rating compare to the half-wave rectifier.
Rectification.
Bridge type rectifier is the most commonly used,

Figure 5.9.

Figure 5.9: Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Used in AC


Voltmeter Circuit.
13

Contd

Operation;
(a) During the positive half cycle (red arrow), currents flows through
diode D2, through the meter movement from positive to negative, and
through diode D3.
- The polarities in circles on the transformer secondary are for the
positive half cycle.
- Since current flows through the meter movement on both half cycles,
we can expect the deflection of the pointer to be greater than with the
half wave cycle.
- If the deflection remains the same, the instrument using full wave
rectification will have a greater sensitivity.
(b) Vise-versa for the negative half cycle (blue arrow).

14

Contd

From the circuit in Figure 5.9, the peak value of the 10 Vrms
signal with the half-wave rectifier is,

E p 1.414 * E rms 14.14V peak

The average dc value of the pulsating sine wave is,

Or can be compute as,

E ave 0.636 E p 9V

E ave 0.9 * E rms 0.9 * 10V 9V

The AC voltmeter using full-wave rectification has a


sensitivity equal to 90% of the dc sensitivity or twice the
sensitivity using half-wave rectification.

S ac 0.9 * S dc

15

Example 5.2: DArsonval Meter Full-Wave Rectifier.

Each diode in the full-wave rectifier circuit in Figure 5.10 has an average forward
bias resistance of 50 Ohm and is assumed to have an infinite resistance in the
reverse direction. Calculate,
(a) The multiplier Rs.
(b) The AC sensitivity.
The equivalent DC sensitivity.

Solution:
(a) Calculate the current shunt and total current,

Figure 5.10: AC Voltmeter


Using Full-Wave
Rectification and Shunt.

I sh

E m 1mA * 500

1mA
Rsh
500

and
I T I sh I m 1mA 1mA 2mA

16

Contd

The equivalent DC voltage is,

E dc 0.9 * 10Vrms 0.9 * 10V 9.0V


RT
Rs RT 2 Rd

E dc 9.0V

4.5 K
IT
2mA

Rm Rsh
Rm Rsh

(b) The ac sensitivity,

4500 2 * 50

(c.) The dc sensitivity,

S ac

500 * 500
4.15 K
500 500

RT
4500

450 / V
Range
10V

S dc

1
1

500 / V
I T 2mA

or
S dc

S ac 450 / V

500 / V
0.9
0.9

17

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