WiMAX

WiMAX

Cell
Cell Site
Site Design
Design for
for
SCADA
SCADA Communication
Communication

Contents
1. Introduction to WiMAX
2. Fixed WiMAX Network Design Flow Sequence.
3. Premise of the Network Design.
4. WiMAX Spectrum allocation
5 Choice of OFDM parameters
6. TDD/FDD channels.
7. Throughput Calculation for different RF channels.
8. Erceg Path Propagation Model
9.Possible coverage area based on propagation
model.
10.CPE Capacity Calculation
11.Base Station Capacity Calculation
12.Frequency Reuse Plan Options

Introduction to WiMAX

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a

standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last
mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable,
DSL or T1/E1 service.

WiMAX is expected to provide fixed , nomadic, portable and,

eventually, mobile wireless broadband connectivity without
the need for direct line-of-sight (LOS) with a base station.

In a typical cell radius deployment of three to ten kilometers,

WiMAX Forum Certified systems can be expected to deliver
capacity of up to 40 Mbps per channel (depending on
bandwidth of RF channel), for fixed and portable access
applications.

Mobile network deployments are expected to provide up to 15

Mbps of capacity within a typical cell radius deployment of up
to three kilometers.

WiMAX Throughput Calculation

The net usable throughput of WiMAX system will depend on
1. Coverage Calculations:
a) On the choice of OFDM parameters

Channel Spacing (dependent on spectrum profile).

Number of FFT points or sub-carriers inside a channel.

Sub-carriers used as pilot channels.

Sub-carriers used as guard channels.

Symbol duration (including guard period)

Modulation & FEC coding rates.

b) On Path Propagation Loss Model used

Erceg Model for Fixed WiMAX, COST231 for Mobile WiMAX

c) Characteristics of the WiMAX System.

System Gain Parameters of Tx,Rx, heights of Antennas at TX, Rx, Receiver Sensitivity
of the System
d) Sectorization & Frequency Re-use

No of Sectors in a Cell Site (with 120 ,90 , 60 degrees beam width antennas)

No of frequencies that can be used in a cell.

e) Geographic Area to be Covered

2. Capacity Calculations

No of CPEs used
Over Booking Factor
Average Traffic Demand

Fixed -WiMAX
Network Design Flow
Sequence
No of
CPEs

Average
Traffic
Demand

Frequenc
y Band

Overbooki
ng Factor

Capacity
Demand

Channel
Bandwidt
h

Geograph
ic Area
Size

Network
Eqpt
Demand

OPEX

CAPEX

Economic
Results

Path loss
Model

Modulation
/Coding
Type

Cell/Secto
r Capacity

Link
Budget
Calculatio
ns

Cell/Secto
r range

Eqpt
Prices

System
Gain

Radio Spectrum for WiMAX profiles

Let {2.4835-2.4995
GHz} is allotted
Spectrum for
example

Source: Fujitsu Whitepaper: RF Spectrum utilization in WiMAX, November 2004

Frequencies available for WiMAX deployment World-wide

Region

Licensed Frequency Band

Canada

2.3/2.5 GHz 3.5/5GHz

USA

1.5/2.3 GHz, 2.5/5 GHz

Central & South America

2.5/3.5 GHz, 3.5GHz

Europe

3.5GHz, 5GHz

Middle East & Africa

3.5GHz,5GHz

Russia

2.3/2.5/3.5GHz, 5GHz

India

3.5GHz

Asia Pacific

2.3/3.3/3.5GHz 5GHz

Un Licensed Frequency band: 2.4GHz,5.15GHz & 5.85GHz

Legend:
U-NII: Un-licensed National
Information Infrastructure.
WRC: World Radio Conference
ISM: Industrial Scientific &
Medical
MMDS: Multi-channel Multi point
Distribution Service
WCS: Wireless Communication
Service

WiMAX Spectrum Band (2483.5 to 2499.5MHz)

16MHz spectrum band

PossibleTDDChannels
2483.
500
F1
1.75MHz

2485.
250

2487.
000

F2

F3

F1:3.5MHz

2488.
750

2490.
500

F4

F2:3.5MHz

F5

2492.
250

F6

2494.
000

F7

F3:3.5MHz

F1:7MHz

2495.
750

F8

F4:3.5MHz

F2:7MHz

2497.
500

2499.
250

F9

1.75MH
z

1.75MHz

2499.
500

250KHz

3.5MHz

PossibleFDDChannels
Uplink (for 3.5
MHz) : From -To

2485.750MHz

2489.250 MHz

Downlink (for 3.5

MHz) From-To

2493.750MHz

2497.250MHz

Uplink
(for1.75MHz)
:From-To

2486.625 MHz

2488.375 MHz

Downlink (for 1.75

MHz) From-to

2498.625 MHz

Up Link

2498.3MHz
2487.5MHz
2496.375 MHz

3.5MHz

2491.5MHz

Down Link

8MHz
16MHz

2499.5MHz
2495.5MHz

Comparison of TDD & FDD for WiMAX

Issue

Multiplexing Method in
Advantage

FDD

TDD

Guard Band

TDD

FDD requires a guard

band to separate the DL
and UL channels which
amount to a substantial
loss in spectrum.

No guard bands are

required.

Guard Time

FDD

No guard time is required

at the end of DL
transmission. However,
guard time is required at
the end of UL
transmission because
typically the SUs are
HFDD units that need to
turn around from Tx to Rx
to receive the new BSU
schedule information for
the next downlink.

Guard time is required

between Tx and Rx and
vice versa. The guard
time is equal to a units
turn around time plus the
round trip delay. A units
turn around time is in the
order of 50us. The round
trip delay is in the order
of 66us. Thus the round
trip delay can absorb the
transmitters turn around
time whenever the
direction of traffic
switches. The loss in
throughput due to guard
time for a 5ms frame is
about 2%.

Frequency Plan and

Reuse

FDD

The adjacent channel

interference is much
lower than in a TDD
scheme.

Frequency planning is
required only for one
channel. If all TDD-based
systems are synchronized
to GPS, using the same
frame size and DL/UL
partitioning can mitigate
interference.

Comparison of TDD & FDD (Contn..d)

Issue

Hardware
Cost

Dynamic
Bandwidth
Allocation

Multiplexing
Method in
Advantage

TDD

TDD

FDD

FDD requires one

transmitter and a
separate receiver. Further
a diplexer and shields are
required to isolate the DL
and UL.

Once the channel

bandwidth is granted by
the regulator the UL/DL
allocation cannot be
modified. This leads to
unused spectrum for
asymmetric operations
such as Internet traffic.

SOURCE : http://www.moonblinkwifi.com/fddvstddwimax.cfm

TDD

As the transmitter and

receiver use the same
filters, mixers etc the cost
of a TDD scheme is
substantially less than an
FDD scheme.

Where cell interference is

not a problem, adaptive
UL/DL allocation allows
dynamic bandwidth
allocation for UL and DL
traffic. This is especially
important for Internet
traffic.

Premise of WiMAX Network Design for SCADA

Communication
Geographic Area Size:

SCADA RTU Well Density : 2000 No

Average Density of Wells: 2 No /km2

Topography : Plain Terrain .

WiMAX Cell Site Coverage radius (in Km) : 10 (assumed value)

Area of Hexagonal Cell site assuming no overlap of coverage: [ ( 3 x sq root(3) /2) x

(10)2 ) ] = 260 Km2

No of RTUs in a Cell site : (260 Km2 )* 2 = 520

Data requirement of RTUs:
10

Uplink Committed Information Rate : 56 Kbps (actual required speed is 9600 baud) Km
Base

Downlink Committed Information Rate: 56 Kbps

Station

Total_ Up link capacity: 520 x 56 = 29,120 Kbps

RTU

Total_Down link capacity: 520 x 56 =29,120 Kbps

For TDD Duplexing method, Total_Link_Throughput : 29,120+29,120 Kbps=58,240Kbps

% of RTUs active & communicating at any instant : 90 % (i.e 468 RTU wells)

% of average air time usage by active RTUs := 50% (assumption)

% of air time usage by active RTUs := (% of active RTUs) x (%of average air-time usage)
= (90%) x (50%)= 0.45

Over subscription Factor (OSF) : 1/0.45 = 2.222

(i.e for every second 450mSec is used , which means we can replicate the total number of
RTUs by 2.22 x times or it can serve for 2.2 x 520 = 1144 wells)

Due to actual air-time usage and activity, the required throughput utilized is
(Total_Link_Throughput)/(Oversubscription Factor)
Kbps)/
2.222
= 26,208Kbps
or 26.208 Mbps
Objective : To design the cell(58,240
site with
10Km
coverage
radius and
be able to exceed the data rate requirement of 26.208Mbps. Then the
network is said to be over-subscribed.

Choice of OFDM Parameters for Channel Bandwidth

Sn
o

OFDM Parameters

Value

Choice
BW=3.5MHz

units

Choice
BW=1.75MHz

units

7/6
(undersampli
ng) or 8/7
(over
sampling) x
BW

MHz

MHz

Sampling Frequency (Fs)

Carriers NFFT

256

256

256

Data Carriers (Nused)

192

192

192

Useful Time (Tb)

NFFT /Fs

64

sec

128

sec

Subcarrier Spacing (s)

Fs/NFFT

15.625

KHz

7.8125

KHz

Delay Spread (rms)

3sec

sec

sec

Guard time/ Useful Symbol

time ratio (Tg/Tb)

1/32,1/16,1/8
,1/4

1/16

1/16

Cyclic Prefix Time (Tg)

(choose Tg> rms )

Tb/32

sec

sec

Symbol Time (Ts)

Tb+ Tg

66

sec

132

sec

[(Fs/BW)x(Nu
sed+1)/
(NFFT)]

86

86.16071429

(192x (1/Ts)

2909.0909

Kbps

1454.5454

Kbps

10

Bandwidth Efficiency

11

Total Data channel baud

rate (for Nused=192 data
carriers)in Kbps

WiMAX Throughput Calculation for RF Channels

Single sub-carrier baud rate = 1/(66 sec) =15.152 KBaud.

Total Data Channel baud rate = 192 * 15.151KBaud = 2.909MBaud
As a large portion of PDU (Physical Data Unit) is allocated for Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC),
Forward Error Correction (FEC), and /or Convolution Coding.
Table :Throughput and
Modulation
Modulation
Bits /Baud
Type Used

Throughput (Mbps)

BPSK

2.909

QPSK

5.818

16QAM

11.636

64QAM

17.454

There are two convolution rates per modulation rate yielding 8 different modulation levels as
follows:
(1) BPSK (2) BPSK (3) QPSK (4) QPSK (5) 16QAM (6) 16QAM
(7) 64QAM 2/3 (8) 64QAM
, 2/3 and refer to the fraction of the PDUs allocated for actual user data; the rest is
management, CRC bits
Net usable throughput for 3.5MHz RF channel for various modulation scheme is as follows:

For BPSK : 2.909 Mbps x = 1.45 Mbps

For 16QAM : 11.636 X = 5.82 Mbps

For QPSK : 5.818 Mbps x = 2.909 Mbps

For 16QAM : 11.636 X = 8.73 Mbps
In practice, bandwidth tends to be lower by 5% to 7% for a general point-to-point link.

Bit rate &Modulation*

Modulatio
n

Bits/
bau
d

Codin
g rate

Receiver
SNR(dB)
for BER
=10-6

Throughput
(for 3.5MHz
Channel)
(coding rate x
bits/baud x
Total Data
channel baud
rate)

Spectral
Efficiency
(Bits/Hz ]
(@3.5MHz
)

Rx
Sensitivi
ty in
dBm
(For
3.5MHz
BW)

Throughpu
t (for
1.75MHz
Channel)
is (coding
rate x
bits/baud
x Total
Data
channel
baud rate)

SPECTR
AL
EFFICIE
NCY
(BITS/H
z]
(@1.75
MHz )

Rx
Sensitiv
ity in
dBm
(For
1.75MH
z BW)

BPSK

1/2

6.4

1454.5455

0.4156

102.69
26

727.2727

0.4156

105.70
3

QPSK

1/2

9.4

2909.0909

0.8312

102.70
29

1454.5455

0.8312

102.70
3

3/4

11.2

4363.6364

1.2468

97.892
6

2181.8182

1.2468

100.90
3

1/2

16.4

5818.1818

1.6623

92.692
6

2909.0909

1.6623

95.703

3/4

18.2

8727.2727

2.4935

90.892
6

4363.6364

2.4935

93.903

2/3

22.7

11636.3636

3.3247

16-QAM

64-QAM

5818.1818 3.3247
86.392
89.403
Receiver Sensitivity= -102+SNR(Rx)+10.log(Fs.(Nused/Nfft).(Nsubchannels/16)) ; Nused : 200; Nfft=
6
256; Nsubchannels:16
6

Note : * Bit rate is in Kbps, Guard Time is 1/32 of Symbol Time, excluding MAC & Preamble
Overhead.
3/4
24.4
13090.9091
3.7403
6545.4545

3.7403

Characteristics of Proposed WiMAX System

Sno

Parameter

Value

Units

Center Frequency of Spectrum (2483.5MHz 2499.5MHz)

2491.5

MHz

Duplexing

TDD

Multiple Access

TDMA

Modulation

adaptive BPSK,QPSK,QPSK,16-QAM,64-QAM

Channel Bandwidth

3.5 / 1.75

MHz

Input power to BST (Pi)

39

dBm

Hbs (Height of Base Station antenna)

30

meters

Hrx (Height of Subscriber Station antenna)

meters

BS antenna gain Gi

17

dBi

10

BS feeder loss

0.5

dB

11

Input power to CPE

23

dBm

12

receiver antenna gain( Gr)

18

dBi

13

RX sensivity
for QAM64 3/4 & 3.5MHz channel and 1.75MHz channel

-84.692, -87.702

dBm

14

Receiver feeder loss

dB

15

Other connector losses

dB

16

CPE

Outdoor

17

Coverage requirement

100

18

Fade Margin for 99.9% reliability ( as per ITU-R P.530

Recommendation)

10

dB

19

Distance (d) Max

10

Km

20

EIRP =Tx power +GTx-miscellaneous losses at TX

51.5

dBm

21

Total Gain: EIRP+GRx-Rxfeeder loss

69.5

dB

Erceg Path Loss Model ( recommended model by IEEE 802.16

BWA Team)
Path Loss (PL)= A + 10log(d/d0)+Lf+Lh+S
d>d0 (d0 =100mtr)

for

A= 20log(4d0/) where d0 =
100mtrs
= (a-b*(Hbs)+ c/(Hbs))
is path-loss exponent
a,b,c are constants representing
certain terrain type.
d is the distance between Base
Station (BS) and Receive antenna
meters. correction term : =
(Rx)
Lf =infrequency
6*log(f/2000); f is frequency in MHz
Lh= receive antenna height correction
term: = -10.8log(Hss/2) for Terrain A,B;
-20log(Hss/2) for Terrain C.
S is shadow fading component. (8.2-10.6dB
depending on the terrain and tree density
type). 10.6dB for Terrain C

Terrain A
[Hilly
areas
with
moderate
-to-Heavy
tree
density]

Terrain B
[Intermedi
ate Terrain
with
moderate
tree
density]

Terrain
C [Flat
terrain
with
light
tree
density]

4.6

3.6

0.0075

0.0065

0.005

12.6

17.1

20

Type C terrain is considered for

Path Loss Model


Distan
ce
(inKm)

Link Budget (Down Link) with Erceg Model for Type C Terrain
A=
20log(4
do/)

(Path-loss
Component
)= (ab.Hbs+c/H
bs);

10
Log(d/d
0)

Lf =
frequenc
y
correctio
n term(6
log
(f/2000)
f:inMHz

Lh=
receive
antenna
height
correction
term (20log(Hss/
2) for
Terrain C.
)

S is
shadow
fading
compon
ent.
(8.2 for
Type C
terrain).

Total Path
Loss

P rx=
Ptx+Gtx+
Grxconnector
loss-Path
loss

Calculate
d Fade
Margin
(for
3.5MHz,
QPSK-3/4
Modulatio
n, Rx
sensitivity

Calculated
Fade Margin
(for 3.5MHz,
QPSK-1/2
Modulation,
Rx sensitivity
:
-99.693 dBm)

Calculated Fade
Margin (for
3.5MHz, BPSK1/2 Modulation,
Rx sensitivity
:102.692 dBm)

:97.892
dBm)

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

41.166
67

0.57258
54

9.5424250
94

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

69.940
93

0.57258
54

9.5424250
94

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

73.200
56

0.57258
54

9.5424250
94

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

75.956
54

0.57258
54

9.5424250
94

7.5

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

77.190
02

0.57258
54

9.5424250
94

7.6

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

77.426
83

0.57258
54

9.5424250
94

7.7

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

77.660
53

0.57258
54

9.5424250
94

8.5

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

79.427
75

0.57258
54

9.5424250
94
-

8.2

120.77131
23

51.271312
33

46.62068
767

48.42168767

51.42068767

8.2

149.54557
75

80.045577
5

17.84642
25

19.6474225

22.6464225

8.2

152.80520
55

83.305205
47

14.58679
453

16.38779453

19.38679453

8.2

155.56118
16

86.061181
64

11.83081
836

13.63181836

16.63081836

8.2

156.79466
77

87.294667
67

10.59733
233

12.39833233

15.39733233

8.2

157.03147
19

87.531471
87

10.36052
813

12.16152813

15.16052813

8.2

157.26518
05

87.765180
51

10.12681
949

11.92781949

14.92681949

8.2

159.03239
14

89.532391
43

8.359608
566

10.16060857

13.15960857

For BPSK
1/2, 3.5MHz
Rx Sensitivity
of -102.692
dBm,90.554295
10Km7.337704
is coverage distance for
80.37448
4.1166666 channel&
80.449
0.57258
9.5424250
160.05429
9
538
67
65
54
94
8.2
56
63
369
9.138704369
12.13770437
99.9% reliability
For QPSK
1/2, 3.5MHz
channel&
Rx Sensitivity
of -99.693
dBm, 91.520934
8.5Km
is coverage distance for
80.37448
4.1166666
81.416
0.57258
9.5424250
161.02093
6.371065
9.5
538
67
29
54
94
8.2
41
08
923
8.172065923
11.17106592
99.9%
reliability

Link Budget Calculation (Down Link) for QAM-64 with Erceg Path
Loss Model
Dista
nce
(in
Km)

A=
20log(4
do/)

= (a-b.
Hbs +c/
Hbs)

log(d/d0
)

10log(
d/d0)

Lf =
6*log(f/2
000)

Lh=20log(H
ss/2) for
Terrain
C

0.1

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

0.572585
375

-9.54243

0.2

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

0.30103

12.39240
15

0.572585
375

-9.54243

0.3

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

0.477121
25

19.64149
17

0.572585
375

-9.54243

0.4

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

0.602059
99

24.78480
3

0.572585
375

-9.54243

0.5

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

0.69897

28.77426
52

0.572585
375

-9.54243

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

41.16666
67

0.572585
375

-9.54243

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

1.30103

53.55906
82

0.572585
375

-9.54243

80.37448
538

4.116666
667

1.47712
125

60.8081
583

0.572585
375

9.54243

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

1.602059
99

65.95146
96

0.572585
375

-9.54243

80.37448
538

4.1166666
67

1.69897

69.94093
18

0.572585
375

-9.54243

80.37448
4.1166666
1.778151
64QAM-3/4,
3.5MHz channel&
538
67
25

s:
shadowin
g
Compone
nt (Type
C
terrain)

Path
Loss(PL)=
A+
10log(d/d
0)+Lf+L
h+S for
d>d0

P rx=
Ptx+Gtx
+Grxconnect
or lossPath
loss(PL)

Fade
Margin

10.6

82.00465

12.50465

72.187
35

10.6

94.39705

24.89705

59.794
95

10.6

101.64614

32.14614

52.545
86

10.6

106.78945

37.28945

47.402
55

10.6

110.77891

41.27891

43.413
09

10.6

123.17131

53.67131

31.020
69

10.6

135.56371

66.06371

18.628
29

10.6

142.81280

73.3128
0

11.379
20

10.6

147.95612

78.45612

6.2358
8

10.6

151.94558

82.44558

2.2464
2

0.572585
-9.54243
73.20055
375 of -84.692 dBm, 3Km
Rx
Sensitivity
98
10.6

(in dB)
(for
3/4)

1.0132
approx
is coverage
distance
155.20521
85.70521
1

For
6
for 99.9% reliability
Note: The uplink (UL) input power will be lower but0.572585
sub-channeling and diversity techniques will enhance the
-9.54243
80.37448
4.1166666
1.845098
75.95653
3.7691
uplink budget, resulting in a similar performance. 375

Modulation- Bit rate- Distance of Coverage based on Erceg

Path Loss Model
3.5MHz channel

1.75MHz channel

Modulation

Rx
Sensiti
vity
(3.5MH
z)

Max Bit
rate
obtainabl
e (Mbps)

Max
distance
of
coverage
in Km)
with
99.9%
reliability*

Modulat
ion
covered
area (in
sq km)
in a cell
of
coverag
e radius
of
10Km

coverage
% in a
cell of
coverage
radius of
10Km

Rx
Sensitivit
y
(1.75MH
z)

Max
Bit
rate
obtai
nable
(Mbps
)

Max
distance
of
coverage
(in Km)
with
99.9%
reliability*

Modul
ation
covere
d area
(in sq
km) in
a cell
of
covera
ge
radius
of
12Km

coverag
e % in a
cell of
coverag
e radius
of 12
Km

BPSK -1/2

102.69
2

1.454

10.00

72.15

27.75

-105.703

0.727

12.00

109.17

29.16

QPSK-1/2

99.693

2.909

8.50

33.70

12.96

-102.703

1.454

10.10

49.92

13.33

QPSK-3/4

97.892

4.363

7.70

52.04

20.02

-100.903

2.181

9.10

69.98

18.69

16-QAM1/2

92.692

5.818

5.70

31.81

12.23

-95.703

2.909

6.80

45.38

12.12

16-QAM3/4

90.892

8.727

5.20

28.70

11.04

-93.903

4.363

6.20

40.04

10.69

64-QAM2/3

86.392

11.636

4.00

6.01

2.31

-89.403

5.818

4.80

11.83

3.16

64-QAM3/4

84.692

13.09

3.70

35.59

13.69

-87.703

6.545

4.30

48.07

12.84

374.4
0

100.00

*ITU-RP.530recommendationforreliabilityis

260.00

100.00

Modulation- Bit rate- Distance of Coverage in a WiMAX Cell Site (of 10Km
radius and 3.5MHz channel)

27.75%
12.96
%
26.8%

1.45
4Mbp
s

2.90 4.36 5.81 8.72 11.6

9Mbp 3Mbp 8Mb 7Mb 3Mb
s
s
ps
ps
ps

5.45
%
11.04
%
2.31
%
13.69
%

13.0
9Mbp
3.70
s
64QAM-3/4
64QAM-2/3
16QAM-3/4
16QAM-1/2
QPSK 3/4
QPSK 1/2
BPSK 1/2

4.
0

5.
2

5.
7

7.
7

8.
8

10.0

Distance
(Km)

CPE Bandwidth Requirement Calculation

RTU Capacity Calculation:

Parameter

Units

Value

Km2

260

No of RTUs/SqKm

Ea

Total No of RTUs in the coverage area

Ea

520

Downlink Committed Information Rate (CIR)

Kbps

56

Uplink Committed Information Rate (CIR)

Kbps

56

Total Uplink Capacity

Mbps

29.120

Total Downlink Capacity

Mbps

29.120

Total Link Throughput (UL+DL Capacity)

Mbps

58.240

Total Coverage area /cell

Base Station (BS) Percentage Utilization Calculation:

% of active RTUs at an instant (assumption)

90

% of average air time usage by active RTUs

( assumption)

50

% of usage of Total Bandwidth of BS

0.45

Over Subscription Factor for all RTUs (OSF or

replication ratio) =(1/(%of usage)

ratio

2.222222222

BST Capacity (in Mbps) required by active

RTUs on average [ Total Throughput
required]/[OSF]

Mbps

26.208

Base Station Capacity Calculation( for 10Km coverage radius and

3.5MHz channel)
Modulation & Coding
Scheme

% Coverage
[From
Modulation-Bit
rate-Distance
Coverage Chart]

Data rate, in Mbps

for(3.5MHz channel)

%Capacity = (% Coverage x
data rate )

BPSK -1/2

27.75

1.454

0.8758896

QPSK-1/2

12.96

2.909

0.3770064

QPSK-3/4

26.80

4.363

1.169284

16-QAM-1/2

5.45

5.818

0.317081

16-QAM-3/4

11.04

8.727

0.9634608

64-QAM-2/3

2.31

11.636

0.2687916

64-QAM-3/4

13.69

13.09

1.792021

[Capacity in a Sector (Mbps)]

5.7635344

[Base Station Capacity with 3 sectors (3 x sector

capacity) in Mbps]

17.289

Required Bandwidth ( in Mbps) including

Oversubscription
[from CPE bandwidth
requirement table]

26.208

No of Base Stations required (approx) = (CPE Data

So,
2 Base
Stations /(Base
(1 Capacity
is required to cover 2601.511
Sq Km of
Capacity
requirement)
StationBST)
Capacity)

area (with 99.9% reliability) to serve 520 CPEs with Committed

Information Rate of 56Kbps on each Uplink and Downlink TDD channel.

Base Station Traffic Capacity and Coverage Distance of WiMAX

System
42

Base Station Traffic Capacity ( in Mbps)

40
38
36
34
32

BSTMaxcapacity(inMbps)with3sectorsFor3.5MHz

30
28
26
24
22
20
18

BSTMaxcapacity(inMbps)with3sectorsFor1.75Mhz

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

10

11

Distance from Base Station ( in Km )

12

13

14

15

16

Frequency Reuse Plan options

F1

D
F1

120

F3

Co-channel
distance ( D ) =R
x (3x K)
= 10x3*3
= 30Km

F1
F1

120
F2

F3
F3

F1

120
F3
F2

F1

F2

120
F3
F2

120

R=10 KM

F3

F2
F1

F2

120

120

F2
R=10 KM

Option:1 : Frequency Reuse (C,S,N)

with
Cluster order 3
& Cell radius of 10Km
C: no of BST s / cluster

: 01

S: no of sectors / BST site : 03

N: no of unique RF Channels needed for
reuse: 01

F3

Option 2: Frequency Reuse

(C,S,N)

Carrier to Interference Noise

Ratio Ref[11]
(C/I) Uplink: (No of sectors)/6

x (D/R)

where is path loss component value 4.11

Frequency Reuse Pattern: (1,3,1); K: for C type Terrain as per Erceg Path Loss

C: no of BST s / cluster

: 01

S: no of sectors / BST site : 03

N: no of unique RF Channels
needed for reuse
: 03
Frequency Reuse Pattern:

CPE Bandwidth Calculation -Example

Geographic Area Size:
No of RTUs in the Oil Field : 85 ; Total area of coverage : 65 Sq Km; Density of RTUs : 1.307
per Sq Km
RTU Capacity Calculation:
Parameter

Units

Value

Downlink Committed Information Rate

(CIR)

Kbps

56

Uplink Committed Information Rate (CIR)

Kbps

56

Total Uplink Capacity (No of RTUs x CIR)

Mbps

4.760

Total Downlink Capacity (No of RTUs x

CIR)

Mbps

4.760

Total Link Throughput (UL+DL Capacity)

Mbps

9.520

Base Station (BS) Percentage Utilization Calculation:

% of active RTUs at an instant
(assumption)

90

% of average air time usage by active

RTUs
( assumption)

50

% of usage of Total Bandwidth of BS

0.45

ratio

2.222222222

Over Subscription Factor for all RTUs

(OSF or replication ratio) =(1/(%of usage)

BST Capacity (in Mbps) required by active

RTUs on average [ Total Throughput
Objective
: To design the cell site with 5Km Mbps
coverage radius and
required]/[OSF]
4.288
be able to exceed the data rate requirement of 4.288 Mbps. Then the network is said to be
over-subscribed.

Proposed WiMAX
cell site
(Example) :
Base Station:
No of RTUs : 85
Existing Oil Field
Area : 16Sq Km
No of RTUs: 50

F
1

Base Station

Area of Cell site: 65 SqKM

No of Channels /cell :03
Frequency Reuse Pattern:
(1:3:3)

F
3

Existing Oil
Field Area :4
Sq Km

R =5Km
1Km
1Km

No of RTUs: 35

Modulation- Bit rate- Distance of Coverage (Example)

Modulatio
n

Coding

Rx
Sensiti
vity
(3.5M
Hz)

Max Bit
rate
obtainab
le
(Mbps)

Spectral
Efficiency
(bits/sec/
Hz)

Max
distance of
coverage in
Km) with
99.9%
reliability*

Modulation
covered
area (in sq
km) in a
cell of
coverage
radius of 5
Km

coverage
% in a cell
of
coverage
radius of 5
Km

BPSK -1/2

1/2

102.69
2

1.454

0.4154285
71

10.00

QPSK-1/2

1/2

-99.693

2.909

0.8311428
57

8.50

QPSK-3/4

3/4

-97.892

4.363

1.2465714
29

7.70

16-QAM1/2

1/2

-92.692

5.818

1.6622857
14

5.70

16-QAM3/4

3/4

-90.892

8.727

2.4934285
71

5.20

23.40

36

64-QAM2/3

2/3

-86.392

11.636

3.3245714
29

4.00

6.01

9.24

64-QAM3/4

3/4

-84.692

13.09

3.74

3.70

35.59

54..76

65

100.00

* ITU-R P.530 recommendation for reliability is considered: 10dB of Fade

Margin corresponds to 99.9% reliability

Base Station Capacity Calculation-Example

Modulation & Coding
Scheme

% Coverage
[From
Modulation-Bit
rate-Distance
Coverage Chart]

Data rate, in Mbps

%Capacity = (% Coverage x
data rate )

BPSK -1/2

1.454

QPSK-1/2

2.909

QPSK-3/4

4.363

16-QAM-1/2

5.818

16-QAM-3/4

36

8.727

3.1417

64-QAM-2/3

9.24

11.636

1.0751

64-QAM-3/4

54.76

13.09

7.1680

[ Base Station Capacity (per sector)]

11.3849

[Base Station Capacity with 3 sectors (3 x Sector

Capacity) in Mbps]
Required Bandwidth ( in Mbps) including
Oversubscription
[from CPE
bandwidth requirement table]
No of Base Stations required (approx) = (CPE Data
Capacity requirement) /(Base Station Capacity)

34.15491 *
4.288

0.248

So, 1 Base Station is sufficient to cover 65 Sq Km of area (with

99.9% reliability) to serve 85 CPEs with Committed Information Rate
of 56Kbps on each Uplink and Downlink TDD channel.
* Base Station Capacity is abundant than the required CPE capacity

Available WiMAX system profiles

WiMAX System profiles: Fixed, Mobile & Evolutionary WiMAX
Fixed WiMAX

Mobile WiMAX

Evolutionary WiMAX

Standard

IEEE 802.16-2004

IEEE 802.16e-2005

IEEE 802.16e-2005

Multiplexing

OFDM

OFDMA

OFDM

FFT Size

256

512,1024

256

Duplexing Mode

TDD,FDD,HFDD

TDD,FDD,HFDD

TDD,FDD,HFDD

Modulation

BPSK,QPSK,16-QAM,64-QAM

QPSK,16-QAM,64QAM(uplink)

BPSK,QPSK,16-QAM,64QAM(optional)

Channel Bandwidths

3.5,7,10MHz

5,7,8.75,10MHz

3.5,7MHz

Frequency Bands

3.4-3.6 GHz, 5.7-5.8 GHz

2.3-2.4GHz,2.305-2.320
GHz,2.345-2.360GHz,3.33.4GHz,3.4-3.8GHz

2.305-2.302 GHz,2.345-2.360
GHz,3.4-3.6 GHz, 4.9-5.0 GHz

Currently Approved Certification profiles

System profiles

Spectrum

Duplexing

Channel Bandwidth

Fixed WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16-2004,OFDM)

3.4-3.6 GHz

TDD

3.5 & 7 MHz

3.4-3.6 GHz

FDD

3.5 & 7 MHz

5.725-5.850 GHz

TDD

10 MHz

Evolutionary WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16e-2005,OFDM)

4.935-4.990 GHz

TDD

5 MHz

Mobile WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16e-2005,
OFDMA)

2.3-2.4 GHz

TDD

5,10 MHz (dual), 8.75MHz

2.496-2.690 GHz

TDD

5, 10MHz(dual)

3.4-3.6 GHz

TDD

5,7 MHz

Source:

References
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.

10.

IEEE802.16-2004
Performance Evaluation of Fixed Wireless Broadband system
based on IEEE 802.16-Wout Joseph member IEEE,Ghent University,
Belgium
WiMAX Forum: www.wimaxforum.com
Lawrence Harte: Introduction to 802.16 WiMAX Althos Publishing
house 2006
Harry R.Anderson Fixed Broadband Wireless System Design John
Wiley & Sons -2003
WiMAX Forum White Paper: Can WiMAX Address Your
Applications? By Westech Communications OCT 2005
SR Telecom - symmetry Product Data Sheets.
Competitive Potential of WiMAX in Broadband Access Market:
A Techno-Economic Analysis: Timo Smura , Networking Laboratory,
Helsenki University of Technology- Finland.
Channel Modes for Fixed Wireless Applications V.Erceg et.al,
Project: IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Working Group :dated 200107-17.
Dimensioning Cellular WiMAX Part 1: Single Hop Networks
Christian Hoyman et al, RWTH Aachen University, Denmark.

Questions ?

Thank You
K.Raghuna
th