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(Artificial Intelligence)

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9 - 10 M307
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M207
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M111)
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Artificial Intelligence second edition, Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight,
McGraw-Hill Inc., 1991.

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Problem and Search

1-2 Chapter 1 : What is Artificial Intelligence?
3-4 Chapter 2 : Problems, Problem Spaces, and Search
5-6 Chapter 3 : Heuristic Search techniques
7-8 Chapter 4 : Knowledge Representation Issues
Assignment
Knowledge Representation
9-10 Chapter 5 : Using Predicate Logics
11-12
Chapter 6 : Representing Knowledge Using Rules
13-14
Chapter 7 : Symbolic Reasoning under Uncertainty
15-16
Chapter 8 : Statistical Reasoning
17-18
Chapter 9 : Weak Slot-and-Filler Structures
19-20
Chapter 10 : Strong Slot-and-Filler Structures
21-22
Chapter 11 : Knowledge Representation Summary

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Advance Topics
23-24
Chapter 12 : Game Playing
25-26
Chapter 13 : Planning
27-28 Chapter 14 :
Understanding
29-31
Chapter 15 : Natural Language Processing

32-33
Chapter 16: Parallel and Distributed AI
34-35
Chapter 17 : Learning
36-38
Chapter 18: Connectionist Models
39-40
Chapter 19 : Common Sense
41-43
Chapter 20 : Expert Systems

44-45
Chapter 21 : Perception and Action

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Neural Networks : A Comprehensive Foundation, Simon
Haykin, Macmillan College Publishing Company Inc.
1994.
2. Artificial Intelligence : Structures and Strategies for
Complex Problem Solving, Second Edition, 1993.
3. Expert Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence, Efraim
Turban, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.
4. Understanding Decision Support Systems and Expert
Systems, Efrem G. Mallach, Richard D. Irwin, Inc. 1994
5. Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Mary Dee
Harries, 1985.
1.

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Chapter 1
What is Artificial Intelligence?

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AI Areas
Artificial Intelligence (AI) :
the branch o f computer science that is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behavior.
AI Areas :
Game Playing
Automated Reasoning and Theorem Proving
Expert Systems
Natural Language Understanding and Semantics Modeling
Modeling Human Performance
Planning and Robotics
Machine Leaning
Neural Networks

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Task Domain of AI
Mundane Tasks
Perception :
Vision, Speech
Natural language :Understanding, Generation, Translation
Commonsense reasoning
Robot control
Formal Tasks
Games:
Chess
Mathematics :
Logic, Geometry
Expert Tasks
Engineering :
Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning
Scientific analysis
Medical diagnosis
Financial analysis

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Intelligence require knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.

It is voluminous.
Is i shard to characterize accurately.
It is constantly changing.
It differs from data by being organized in a way that
corresponds to the ways it will be used.

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Knowledge Representation and Search for AI

1. The knowledge captures generalizations.

2. It can be understood by people who must provide it.
3. It can easily be modified to correct errors and to
reflect changes in the world.
4. It can be used in many situations even if it is not
totally accurate or complete.
5. It can use to narrow the range of possibilities that
must usually be considered.

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Common Features of AI Problems

1. The use of computer to do the symbolic reasoning.
2. A focus on problems that do not respond to algorithmic
solutions. Heuristic search.
3. Manipulate the significant quantitative features of a
situation rather than relying on numeric methods.
4. Dealing with semantic meaning.
5. Answer that are neither exact nor optimal but
sufficient.
6. Domain specific knowledge in solving problems.
7. Use meta-level knowledge.

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Homework 1
Tic-Tac-Toe

Read program 1, 2 and 3 and discuss the

following criteria.

Their Complexity
Their use of generalization.
The clarity of their knowledge.
The extensibility of their approach.

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 1
1

Board : nine element vector representation.

0 = blank,
1 =X,
2=O
Moveable : Their Complexity = 39 = 19,683

view vector board as a ternary number (base three)

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2

Board : nine element vector representation.

2 = blank,
3 =X,
5=O

an integer indicating which move of the game is about to played.

1 indicate the first move.

9 indicate the last move.

Board[5] = 2 mean blank

Poswin(p) : If it produce (3*3*2) =18 X can win

p = 0 if the player can not win on his next move.

Poswin(p) : If it produce (5*5*2) =50 O can win
Go(n) : Make a move on square n.

TURN is odd if it is playing X

TURN is even if it is playing O

More efficient in term of space.

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 2

Board : nine element vector representation.

2 = blank,
3 =X,
5=O

an integer indicating which move of the game is about to played.

1 indicate the first move.

9 indicate the last move.

Board[5] = 2 mean blank

Poswin(p) : If it produce MAGIC SQUARE

(8 + 3 + 4) =15

p = 0 if the player can not win on his next move.

Go(n) : Make a move on square n.

TURN is odd if it is playing X

TURN is even if it is playing O

More efficient in term of space.

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Tic-Tac-Toe : Program 3

Board_Position : nine element vector representing the board, a list of

board positions that could result from the next move, and a number
representing as estimate of how likely the board position is lead to an
ultimate win for the player to move.
Minimax Procedure : in chapter 12.
Search tree : need more time
Use AI technique :
Decide which of a set of board positions is best.

find highest possible rating.

consider all the moves the component could make next.

See which move is worst for us....
(Assume the opponent will make that move)

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Question Answering 1
Russia massed troops on the Czech border.
POLITICS program [Corbonell,1980)
Q1: Why did Russia do this?
A1:
.....
Q1: What should the United States do?
A2:
OR
A2:

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Question Answering 2
Mary went shopping for a new coat.
She found a red one she really liked.
When she got it home, she discovered that it went
perfectly
with her favorite dress.
ELIZA
Q1:What did Mary go shopping for?
A1: .............................................
Q2:What did Mary find she liked?
A2:.............................................
Q3: Did Mary buy anything ?
A3:.............................................

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The level of the model

1. What is the goal in trying to produce programs that do
intelligent things that people do?
2. Are we trying to produce programs that do the tasks the
same way people do?
3. Are we attempting to produce programs that simply do
the tasks in whatever way appears easiest?

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Model human performance

1. To test psychological theories of human
performance.
PAPPY {Colby, 1975]
2. To enable computers to understand human
reasoning.

3. To enable computers to understand computer

reasoning.

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Criteria for success

How will we know if we have succeeded?

Turing test. Human

Computer

Person asking?

DENDRAL : is a program that analyzes organic

compounds to determine their structure.
HUMAN CHEMIST

COMPUTER

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Homework 2
1. Given the meaning of Artificial Intelligence from your
point of view. You may add citation from searching
documents in the web or from the text book.
2. Given all AI fields with some explanations.

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