Government College Of Engineering,

Aurangabad.

AIRPORT
RUNWAY
Presented ByNikhil Pakwanne

AIRPORT RUNWAY

Runway
Rectangular-shaped, paved
surfaces on an airport,
designed for the landing or
takeoff of airplanes.
Runways may be a man-made
surface (often asphalt concrete,
or a mixture of both) or a
natural surface (grass, dirt,
gravel, ice, or salt).

Runway

Runway Designations
Based on a runways magnetic
heading, using the 360 degree
compass system

Runways may be used in

two opposite directions
All runways have TWO
runway designations

Runway Designations
The pictured runway is
oriented in the northsouth direction
The pictured runway
would be designated
Runway 18/36

Runway Incursion Avoidance

Definition of a Runway Incursion:

any occurrence at an airport involving an
aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the
ground that creates a collision hazard or
results in loss of separation with an aircraft
taking off or intending to land

Primarily caused by errors associated with

clearances, communication, airport surface
movement, and positional awareness.

Runway Incursion Avoidance

Examples of an incursion:

an aircraft or vehicle crossing in front of a:

landing aircraft or aircraft taking off

an aircraft or vehicle:
crossing the runway-holding position marking;
unsure of its position and entering an active runway;
passing behind an aircraft or vehicle that has not vacated the
runway.

failure to follow an air traffic control instruction

Runway length
A runway of at least 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in length is
usually adequate for aircraft weights below
approximately 200,000 lb (90,000 kg).
Larger aircraft including wide bodies will usually
require at least 8,000 ft (2,400 m) at sea level and
somewhat more at higher Altitude airports.
International wide body flights, which carry
substantial amounts of fuel and are therefore
heavier, may also have landing requirements of
10,000 ft (3,000 m) or more and takeoff
requirements of 13,000 ft (4,000 m).

Runway length
At sea level, 10,000 ft (3,000 m) can be
considered an adequate length to land
virtually any aircraft.
An aircraft will need a longer runway at
a higher altitude due to decreased
density of air at higher altitudes, which
reduces lift and engine power, requiring
higher take-off and landing speed

Runway Surface Markings

Runway surface markings are white in colour

Runway Surface Markings

The runway centerline is a broken white stripe
which indicates the center of the runway and
provides alignment guidance for aircraft.

Runway Surface Markings

The runway edge-line is an unbroken white stripe
indicating the edges of the runway, and the edges
of the full-strength pavement.

Runway Surface Markings

Runway threshold markings identify the beginning
of the runway which is available for landing.

Runway Surface Marking

Displaced Threshold:
A threshold that is moved back usually due to
obstructions, such as trees, powerlines, or
buildings off the end of the runway.
This might prohibit you from making a normal
descent to landing on the initial portion of the
pavements.

Runway Markings
Displaced Threshold:

Runway Markings
Blast Pad/Stopway Area:
Sometimes referred to as an overrun, it is different
from the area preceding a displaced threshold
because it cannot be used for landing, takeoff, or
taxiing.
The blast pad is where propeller or jet blast can
dissipate without creating a hazard to others.
The overrun aspect comes in the fact that the
blast pad is paved, allowing aircraft more room to
come to a stop after an aborted takeoff.

Runway Markings
Blast Pad/Stopway Area:

Runway Lighting
Runway Edge Lights: Single row of white lights bordering each side of runway and lights
identifying the runway threshold
Three Intensity Levels: High Intensity (HIRLs), Medium Intensity
runway lights (MIRLs), and Low intensity runway lights (LIRLs)
Elevated edge-lights identify the runway edges during
visibility conditions
Some are Pilot Controlled, some ATC controlled

adverse

Approach Lighting Systems

REILs (Runway End Identifier Lights)
High intensity white strobe lights that are places
on each side of the runway to mark the threshold.

Approach Lighting Systems

In-Runway Lighting
Some precision approach lighting systems have lights
mounted flush with the surface of the runway.
The runway centerline lighting system (RCLS) is white
until the last 3,000 ft.
From the 3,000 ft. point to the 1,000 ft. point, alternating
red and white lights appear.
The remaining 1,000 ft. are red lights.

Touchdown Zone Lighting

Two rows of transverse light bars on either side of the
runway centerline starting at 100 ft. from the threshold
and extending 3,000 ft. or to the midpoint of the runway.

Approach Lighting Systems

In -Runway Lighting:

Taxiways
A paved surface designed
for the movement of aircraft
from one part of the airport to
another

Taxiway Surface
Markings

ALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.

Taxiway centerline markings indicate the center of the
taxiway.

Taxiway Surface
Markings
Double yellow taxiway edge-lines indicate the
edges of the taxiway as well as the edge of fullstrength pavement

Taxiway Surface
Markings

Taxiway Shoulder Markings consist of transverse stripes

extending from the taxiway edge markings into paved
areas which are not intended for aircraft use

paved areas which are unsuitable for

aircraft may be painted green.

Taxiway Surface
Markings

Runway Hold Lines are located on taxiways which

intersect runways

All aircraft and vehicles must hold short of the

runway at the hold line.

Taxiway Surface
Markings

Hold Lines are located at the intersection of a taxiway

and a runway.

Aircraft/vehicles must hold on the solid side of

the hold line.

Taxiway Lighting
Taxiway edge-lights are blue
in color
Taxiway edge lighting
identifies the edge of a
taxiway during periods of
darkness or reduced visibility.

Taxiway
Taxiway
Lighting
Lighting

In-pavement: Taxiway centerline lights are

green in color

Taxiway Lighting
Runway Guard Lights
Two Types: Elevated and In-Pavement
Elevated Runway Guard Lights consist of two
alternating, flashing yellow lights

Taxiway Lighting
Runway Guard Lights

In-pavement Runway Guard Lights

consist of flashing yellow lights, which
extend across the taxiway, parallel to the
hold line

Taxiway Lighting
In-pavement Runway Guard Lights
Extend across hold line

Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)
A paved surface used for access
between taxiways and
Ramp (gate) areas

Taxilane Surface Markings

Taxilanes have either solid white or yellow
lead-in lines

Ramp/Apron Area Surface

Markings
Wing-clearance lines are white or red.

Active Runway
The active runway is the runway at an airport
that is in use for takeoffs and landings. Since
takeoffs and landings are usually done as close
to "into the wind" as possible, wind direction
generally determines the active runway.
Selection of the active runway, however,
depends on a number of factors. At a nontowered airport, pilots usually select the runway
most nearly aligned with the wind, but they are
not obliged to use that particular runway.
At controlled airports, the active is usually
determined by a tower supervisor.

Active runway
At major airports with multiple runways,
the active could be any of a number of
runways.
At major airports, the active runway is
based on weather conditions (visibility and
ceiling, as well as wind, and runway
conditions such as wet/dry or snow
covered), efficiency, traffic demand and
time of day

Section of runway
The Runway Safety Area is the cleared,
smoothed and graded area around the
paved runway. It is kept free from any
obstacles that might impede flight or
ground roll of aircraft.
The Runway is the surface from threshold
to threshold, which typically features
threshold markings, numbers, centerlines,
but not overrun areas at both ends.

Runway safety
Types of runway safety incidents include:
Runway excursion - an incident involving only a single
aircraft, where it makes an inappropriate exit from the
runway.
Runway overrun - a type of excursion where the aircraft
is unable to stop before the end of the runway
Runway incursion - an incident involving incorrect
presence of a vehicle, person or another aircraft on the
runway
Runway confusion - an aircraft makes use of the wrong
runway for landing or take-off

Pavement
The choice of material used to
construct the runway depends
on the use and the local ground
conditions.
For a major airport, where the
ground conditions permit, the
most satisfactory type of
pavement for long-term
minimum maintenance is
concrete.

Pavement
Although certain airports have used
reinforcement in concrete pavements, this is
generally found to be unnecessary, with the
exception of expansion joints across the runway
where a dowel assembly, which permits relative
movement of the concrete slabs, is placed in
the concrete
Post-tensioning concrete has been developed
for the runway surface. This permits the use of
thinner pavements and should result in longer
concrete pavement life.

Pavement surface
Runway pavement surface is prepared and
maintained to maximize friction for wheel
braking.
To minimize hydroplaning following heavy
rain, the pavement surface is usually
grooved so that the surface water film flows
into the grooves and the peaks between
grooves will still be in contact with the
aircraft tires.

Surface Type Codes

In aviation charts, the surface type is usually abbreviated to a three-letter

code.
The most common hard surface types are Asphalt and Concrete. The most
common soft surface types are Grass and Gravel.

ASP: Asphalt
BIT: Bituminous Asphalt or Tarmac
BRI: Bricks (no longer in use, covered
with Asphalt or Concrete now)
CLA: Clay
COM: Composite
CON: Concrete
COP: Composite
GRS: Grass or earth not graded or
rolled
COR: Coral (Coral reef structures)
GRE: Graded or rolled earth, Grass
on graded earth
GVL: Gravel

LAT: Laterite
ICE: Ice
MAC: Macadam
PEM: Partially Concrete, Asphalt or
Bitumen-bound Macadam
PER: Permanent Surface, Details
unknown
PSP: Marsden Matting (Derived from
Pierced/Perforated Steel Planking)
SAN: Sand
SNO: Snow
U: Unknown surface

Runway markings

There are runway markings and signs on most

large runways. Larger runways have a distance
remaining sign (black box with white numbers).
This sign uses a single number to indicate the
thousands of feet remaining, so 7 will indicate
7,000 ft (2,134 m) remaining. The runway
threshold is marked by a line of green lights.

Runway markings
There are three types of runways:
Visual runways are used at small airstrips and are usually just a strip of
grass, gravel, asphalt or concrete. Although there are usually no
markings on a visual runway, they may have threshold markings,
designators, and centerlines. Additionally, they do not provide an
instrument-based landing procedure; pilots must be able to see the
runway to use it. Also, radio communication may not be available and
pilots must be self-reliant.
Non-precision instrument runways are often used at small- to mediumsize airports. These runways, depending on the surface, may be marked
with threshold markings, designators, centerlines, and sometimes a
1,000 ft (305 m) mark (known as an aiming point, sometimes installed at
1,500 ft (457 m)). They provide horizontal position guidance to planes on
instrument approach via Non-directional beacon (NDB),
VHF omnidirectional range (VOR), Global Positioning System, etc.

Runway markings
Precision instrument runways, which are found at
medium- and large-size airports, consist of a blast
pad/stopway,threshold, designator, centerline, aiming
point, and 500 ft (152 m), 1,000 ft (305 m)/1,500 ft
(457 m), 2,000 ft (610 m), 2,500 ft (762 m), and
3,000 ft (914 m) touchdown zone marks. Precision
runways provide both horizontal and vertical
guidance for instrument approaches.

REFERENCES
Airport Planning & Design
by Khanna & Arora
http://en.wikipedia.org

Thank You