Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Microwave Engineering
Fall
2011
Notes 1
Transmission Line
Theory
1
Waveguiding Structures
A waveguiding structure is one that carries
a signal (or power) from one point to
another.
There are three common types:
Transmission lines
Fiber-optic guides
Waveguides
Transmission Line
Properties
Twin lead
(shown connected to a 4:1
impedance-transforming
3
balun)
CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
Microstrip
Stripline
h
Coplanar strips
Microstrip line
A microwave integrated
circuit
Fiber-Optic Guide
Properties
1) Single-mode fiber
Carries a single mode, as with the mode on a
transmission line or waveguide. Requires the
fiber diameter to be small relative to a
wavelength.
2) Multi-mode fiber
Has a fiber diameter that is large relative to
a wavelength. It operates on the principle of
total internal reflection (critical angle effect).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
Waveguides
Properties
Has a single hollow metal pipe
Can propagate a signal only at high frequency: > c
10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism)
Transmission-Line Theory
Lumped circuits: resistors, capacitors, inductors
neglect time delays
(phase)
Distributed circuit elements: transmission lines
account for
propagation and time
delays (phase change)
We need transmission-line theory whenever
the length of a line is significant compared with
a wavelength.
11
Transmission Line
2 conductors
4 per-unit-length parameters:
C = capacitance/length [F/m]
L = inductance/length [H/m]
R = resistance/length [/m]
G = conductance/length [ /m or S/m]
z
12
x x x
+++++++
----------
v z, t
z
i(z,t)
R z
Lz
i(z+z,t)
+
+
v(z,t)
Gz
Cz
v(z+z,t)
-
13
Rz
Lz
i(z+z,t)
+
+
v(z,t)
Gz
Cz
v(z+z,t)
-
i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) v( z z , t ) i ( z , t ) Rz Lz
t
v( z z , t )
i ( z , t ) i ( z z , t ) v( z z , t ) G z C z
t
14
v( z z , t ) v( z , t )
i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
z
t
i ( z z , t ) i ( z , t )
v( z z , t )
Gv( z z , t ) C
z
t
Now let z 0:
v
i
Ri L
z
t
i
v
Gv C
z
t
Telegraphers
Equations
15
v
i
i
R L
z
z
z t
i
i
R L
z
t z
v
R Gv C
t
v
v
L G C
t
t
Switch the
order of the
derivatives.
16
R Gv C L G C
z
t
t
t
Hence, we have:
v
v
v
RG v ( RC LG ) LC
0
z
t
t
2
v
v
v
RG v ( RC LG ) LC
0
z
t
t
2
dV
RG V ( RC LG ) jV LC ( )V 0
dz
2
18
Note that
RG j ( RC LG ) LC ( R j L ) (G j C )
2
Z R j L
Y G jC
= series impedance/length
= parallel admittance/length
dV
( ZY )V
dz
2
19
Solution:
dV
( )V
dz
2
ZY
2
Then
V ( z ) Ae Be
z
Convention:
( R j L)(G jC )
1/ 2
j
0, 0
z e j /2
attenuation contant
phase constant
20
V ( z ) V0 e z V0 e z e j z
v ( z , t ) Re V0 e z e j z e jt
Re V0 e j e z e j z e jt
V0 e z cos t z
t 0
2
g
V e
Henc
e: 2
21
Phase Velocity
Track the velocity of a fixed point on the wave (a point of constant
phase), e.g., the crest.
vp (phase velocity)
z
v ( z , t ) V0 e z cos(t z )
22
Hence
t z constant
dz
0
dt
dz
dt
In expanded form:
v
p
Im ( R j L)(G jC )
23
1/ 2
Characteristic Impedance Z0
I+ (z)
+
V+(z)
-
direction.
V ( z)
Z0
I ( z)
V ( z ) V0 e
I ( z ) I 0 e z
so
V0
Z0
I0
v
i
Ri L
z
t
so
Hence
dV
RI j LI
dz
ZI
z
V0 e
ZI 0 e
25
V0 Z Z
Z0
I0
Y
1/2
Using
Z R j L
Y G jC
We have
R j L
Z0
1/2
Note: The principal branch of the square root is chosen, so that Re (Z0) > 0.
26
General Case
(Waves in Both
Directions)
z
z
V z V0 e
V0 e
V e e
Note:
z j z
wave in +z
direction
V e e z e j z
wave in -z
direction
v z , t Re V z e jt
V0 e z cos t z
V0 e z cos t z
27
Backward-Traveling Wave
I - (z)
+
V -(z)
-
V ( z)
Z0
I ( z)
so
V ( z)
Z0
I ( z)
28
General Case
I (z)
+
V (z)
-
V ( z ) V0 e z V0 e z
1
V0 e z V0 e z
I ( z)
Z0
Note: The
reference
directions for
voltage and current
are the same for
forward and
backward waves.
29
V z V0 e z V0 e z
V0 z V0 z
I z
e
e
Z0
Z0
j R j L G jC
1
R j L 2
Z0
guided wavelength g
1
2
g
m
phase velocity vp
vp
30
[m/s]
Lossless Case
R 0, G 0
j ( R j L)(G j C )
1/ 2
j LC
so
vp
0
LC
R j L
Z0
G jC
1/2
L
Z0
C
vp
1
LC
Lossless Case
(cont.)
1
vp
LC
Hence, we have
that
cd
v p cd
Where do we assign z = 0?
The usual choice is at the load.
Note: The length l measures distance from the load:l
33
z
0
z
0
V e
What if we know
V and V @ z l
Can we use z = - l as
a reference plane?
V0 V 0 V l e l
V l V 0 e l
V0 V 0 V l e l
Hence
V z V l e z l V l e z l
34
Compare:
V z V 0 e z V 0 e z
V z V l e z ( l ) V l e z ( l )
Note: This is simply a change of reference plane, from z = 0
to z = -l.
35
What is V(-l )?
V l V0 e l V0 e l
propagating
forwards
propagating
backwards
V0 l V0 l
I l
e
e
Z0
Z0
V l V0 e l V0 e l
Ampl. of volt. wave prop.
towards load, at the load
position (z = 0).
Similarly,
2 l
0
V0 e 1 e
V0
V0 e l 1 L e 2 l
V0 l
I l
e 1 L e 2 l
Z0
37
Z l
V l V0 e l 1 L e 2 l
V0 l
I l
e 1 L e 2 l
Z0
V l
1 L e 2 l
Z l
Z0
2 l
I l
1
Z L Z0
L
Z L Z0
1 L
Z 0 Z0
ZL
1 L
Recall
1 L e 2 l
Z l Z 0
2 l
1
Thus,
Z L Z 0 2 l
1
e
Z L Z 0
Z l Z 0
Z L Z 0 2 l
1
e
Z
L
0
39
Z L Z 0 2 l
e
2 l
Z
Z
Z
e
0
L
0
L
0
L
Z
0
2 l
Z
e
Z L Z 0 2 l
L
0
L
0
1
e
Z L Z 0
Z l Z 0
Z L Z 0 e l Z L Z 0 e l
Z 0
Z 0
Z L Z 0 e l Z L Z 0 e l
Z L cosh l Z 0 sinh l
Z 0 cosh l Z L sinh l
Hence, we have
Z L Z 0 tanh l
Z l Z 0
Z 0 Z L tanh l
40
V j l
e 1 L e 2 j l
Z0
1 L e 2 j l
Z l Z 0
2 j l
1 Le
Z L jZ 0 tan l
Z l Z 0
jZ
tan
l
L
0
Note: tanh l tanh j l j tan l
Impedance is periodic
with period g/2
tan repeats when
l
2
l
g
l g / 2
41
Z l
V l V0 e j l 1 L e 2 j l
V0 j l
I l
e 1 L e 2 j l
Z0
V l
1 L e 2 j l
Z l
Z0
2 j l
I l
1
Z L jZ 0 tan l
jZ
tan
0
L
Z 0
Z L Z0
L
Z L Z0
2
g
vp
42
Matched Load
Z l
Z L Z0
L
0
Z L Z0
No reflection from the load
V l V0 e j l
V0 j l
I l
e
Z0
Z l Z 0
For any l
43
Short-Circuit Load
BShort circuit load: (ZL = 0)
L
0 Z0
1
0 Z0
Z l jZ 0 tan l
Note: l 2
l
g
Always imaginary!
Z l jX sc
X sc Z 0 tan l
Example
Z L jZ 0 tan d
Zin Z d Z 0
Z 0 jZ L tan d
Z in
V d VTH
Z
TH
in
46
Example (cont.)
Note:
V l V e
j l
1 e
L
L
At l = d :
V d V e
j d
2 j l
1 e
L
j 2 d
Z L Z0
Z L Z0
Z in
VTH
Z
TH
in
Z in j d
1
V VTH
e
j 2 d
Z
Z
1
e
TH
in
Hence
Z in j d l 1 L e j 2 l
V l VTH
e
j 2 d
1 Le
Z m ZTH
47
Example (cont.)
1 L e j 2 d
Some algebra: Z in Z d Z 0
j 2 d
1
Z in
Z in ZTH
1 L e j 2 d
Z0
j 2 d
1 Le
1 L e j 2 d
Z0
ZTH
j 2 d
1
Z0 1 Le j 2 d
Z 0 1 L e j 2 d ZTH 1 L e j 2 d
Z0 1 L e j 2 d
ZTH Z 0 L e j 2 d Z 0 ZTH
1 L e j 2 d
Z0
Z
Z ZTH
0
TH
1 L e j 2 d 0
Z
0
TH
1 Le j 2 d
Z0
Z
Z Z 0
0
TH
1 L e j 2 d TH
Z
0
TH
48
Example (cont.)
Hence, we have
Z in
Z0
1 L e j 2 d
Z in ZTH Z 0 ZTH 1 S L e j 2 d
where
ZTH Z 0
ZTH Z 0
Z 0 j d l 1 L e j 2 l
V l VTH
e
j 2 d
Z
Z
1
e
TH
S L
0
49
Example (cont.)
Z 0 j d l 1 L e j 2 l
V l VTH
e
j 2 d
Z 0 ZTH
1 S Le
Voltage wave that would exist if there were no reflections from
the load (a semi-infinite transmission line or a matched load).
50
Example (cont.)
Z0
V d VTH
Z
TH
0
1 L e j 2 d L e j 2 d S
L e
j 2 d
e
S
j 2 d
e
L
j 2 d
e
S
51
j 2 d
Example (cont.)
1 Le j 2 d Le j 2 d S
Z0
V d VTH
Z 0 ZTH
L e
j 2 d
e
S
j 2 d
e
L
j 2 d
e
S
1 e j 2 d e j 2 d 2 K
L S
L S
Z0
Z 0 ZTH
j 2 d
L e j 2 d 1 L S e j 2 d L S e j 2 d K
V d VTH
Geometric series:
z
n0
1 z z2 K
1
,
1 z
z 1
z L S e j 2 d
52
Example (cont.)
Hence
j 2 d
Z0 1 L s e
V d VTH
1
j 2 d
Z 0 ZTH
Le
j 2 d
1
L s
or
Z0
1 L e j 2 d
V d VTH
j 2 d
Z
Z
1
e
TH
L s
0
1 0
2 l
2 l
* 2 *l
Re
e 1 Le 1 Le
2 Z 0*
If Z0 real (low-loss
transmission line)
2
1 V0
2
P l
e 2 l 1 L e 4 l
2 Z0
V l V0 e l 1 L e 2 l
V0 l
I l
e 1 L e 2 l
Z0
Note:
*
L e 2 l *L e 2 l
L e 2 l L e2 l
pure imaginary
54
Low-loss line
2
0
1V
2
P d
e 2 l 1 L e 4 l
2 Z0
2
0
2
0
1V
1V
2 2 l
2 l
L e
*
*
2 Z
2 Z
1 4 20 4 3
1 4 04 2 4 4 3
power in forward wave
Lossless line ( = 0)
2
V
1 0
2
P d
1 L
2 Z0
55
Quarter-Wave Transformer
Z L jZ 0T tan l
Z in Z 0T
jZ
tan
l
L
0T
g 2 g
l
4 g 4 2
jZ 0T
jZ
Z in Z 0T
so
2
Z 0T
Z in
ZL
Z0T
Z0
ZL
Zin
in 0
Z in Z 0
Z 02T
Z0
ZL
This requires ZL to be real.
Hence
Z 0T Z 0 Z L
56
1/2
V0 e j l 1 L e jL e 2 j l
V l V0 1 L e jL e j 2 l
Vmax V0 1 L
Vmin V0 1 L
1+ L
V ( z)
V0
1- L
z / 2
z0
Vmax
VoltageStandingWaveRatio VSWR
Vmin
VSWR
1 L
1 L
57
Coaxial Cable
re we present a case study of one particular transmission line, the coaxial cabl
r ,
b
Find
C, L, G, R
Coaxial
cable
From Gausss law:
l 0
l 0
E
0 r
a
b
l0
-l0
V VAB E dr
A
E d
a
l 0
b
ln
2 0 r a
59
Coaxial
cable
Hence
l 0 1
l 0
ln
0 r
Q
C
V
a
b
We then
have
l0
-l0
2 0 r
C
b
ln
a
60
[ F/m]
h = 1 [m]
I
Coaxial
cable
Magnetic flux:
I
0 r
2
I
I
center conductor
(1) B d
a
61
h = 1 [m]
0 r
a
Coaxial
cable
Hence
H d
a
0 r
1 b
0 r
ln
I
2 a
0 r
L
ln
2
[H/m]
62
I
d
2
I
b
ln
2 a
[ F/m]
0 r b
L
ln
2
a
[H/m]
LC 0 0 r r
This result actually holds for any transmission line.
63
0 r b
L
ln
2
a
[F/m]
Z 0 0
0
r 1
ln
r 2
b
[ ]
a
0
376.7303 []
0
64
[H/m]
Coaxial
cable
From Gausss law:
l 0
l 0
E
0 r
a
b
l0
-l0
V VAB E dr
A
E d
a
l 0
b
ln
2 0 r a
65
a
b
J E
l0
I leak J
(1) 2 a
2 a E
-l0
We then
have
l 0
2 a
a
0 r
G
l 0
b
ln
2 0 r a
I leak
G
V
or
l 0
2 a
a
0 r
2
G
[S/m]
b
ln
a
66
[F/m]
0 r
2
G
[S/m]
b
ln
a
G C
This result actually holds for any transmission line.
67
G C
To be more
general:
tan
C
G
tan
C
j j
c j c
Loss due to molecular friction Loss due to conductivity
c
tan
69
Find
R (resistance / length)
R Ra Rb
Coaxial
cable
b , rb
a , ra
Rsa
a
b
2 a
Ra Rsa
1
a a
2
0 ra a
2 b
Rb Rsb
Rsb
1
b b
2
0 rb b
70
(2)
(3)
L
Z 0lossless characteristic impedance of line (neglectingloss)
C
LC 0 0 r r
G
tan
C
R Ra Rb
(4)
Ri Rs 2
J sz (l ) dl
I Ci
Ci contour of conductor, i a, b
Z 0lossless , R
L Z 0lossless
C / Z 0lossless
G C tan
RR
72
lossless
0
r 1 b
ln []
r 2 a
r , r
a
1
1
R Rsa
Rsb
a
2
Twinlead
Z 0lossless
r
h
cosh 1 []
r
2a
h
2a
R Rs
a h 2
2a
h
a
r , r
73
eff f
r
r
Z0 0
120
w w
2h
1 ln t
t
h
74
reff f
eff
r
r (0)
eff
r (0)
1 4F
r 1 r 1
2
2
eff
r
1.5
1
r
4.6
1 12 h / w
t/h
w / h
F 4 r 1 0.5 1 0.868ln 1
t
h
75
incident
Bend
reflected
ZTH
+
-
Z0
ZL
76
ZTH
+
-
Z0
ZL
77
r
z
a
b
ing fields that extend to infinity is not the same thing as having radiation, howev
79
E H* dS 0
Pt Re
S
reflected
incident
h
Incident wave
Obstacle
pipe
h
Reflected wave
Note: Radiation
effects increase as
the frequency
increases.
Incident wave
Bend
h
Reflected wave
bend
81
CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
82