Ccna1 Rs Summary

CCNA Routing and
Switching:
Introduction to Networks
Presentation_ID
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Confidential
Course Description
CCNA Routing and Switching teaches comprehensive networking concepts, from
network applications to the protocols and services provided to those applications by
the lower layers of the network. Students will progress from basic networking to more
complex enterprise and theoretical networking models later in the curriculum.
There are four courses in the recommended sequence:
Introduction to Networks
Routing and Switching Essentials
Scaling Networks
Connecting Networks
In each course, Networking Academy students will learn technology concepts with
the support of interactive media and apply and practice this knowledge through a
series of hands-on and simulated activities that reinforce their learning.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Networking Today
Networks in Our Past and Daily Lives
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Cisco Confidential
Interconnecting Our Lives
Networking Impacts in Our Daily Lives

Networks support the way we learn.
Networks support the way we communicate.
Networks support the way we work.
Networks support the way we play.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
LANs, WANs, and Internets
Components of a Network
There are three categories of network components:
Devices
Media
Services
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Components of Network
The components of a network
The path that a message takes from source to destination can be as simple as a single cable connecting one
computer to another or as complex as a network that literally spans the globe.
Network components are build up of:

hardware and software.
Devices and media are the physical elements or hardware of the network.
Services and processes are the communication programs, called software, that run on the
networked devices.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Components of Network
What are the END Devices and their Role in the
Network?
The network devices that people are most familiar with are called end devices.
These devices form the interface between the human network and the underlying
communication network. Some examples of end devices are:
Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers)
Network printers
VoIP phones
Security cameras
Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless barcode scanners, PDAs)
Servers are hosts that have software installed that enables them to provide information
and services, like e-mail or web pages, to other hosts on the network.
Clients are hosts that have software installed that enables them to request and display
the information obtained from the server.
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Cisco Confidential
Network Structure
End devices form interface with human

network & communications network
Role of end devices :
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client
server
both client and server
Cisco Confidential
Network Structure
What are the role of an intermediary device in a data
network?
Networks rely on intermediary devices to provide
connectivity and to work behind the scenes to ensure that
data flows across the network.
These devices connect the individual hosts to the network
and can connect multiple individual networks to form an
internetwork.
Examples of intermediary network devices are:
Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless
access points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)
Communication Servers and Modems
Security Devices (firewalls)
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Cisco Confidential
Network Structure
Role of an intermediary device
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provides connectivity and ensures data

flows
across network
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10
LANs and WANs
Types of Networks
The two most common types of network infrastructures are:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN).
Other types of networks include:
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wireless LAN (WLAN)
Storage Area Network (SAN)
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Cisco Confidential
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Network Types
The Local Area Networks (LANs)
A network serving a home, building or campus
is considered a Local Area Network (LAN
LANs separated by geographic distance are
connected by networks known as WAN
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Cisco Confidential
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Network Types
Define the Internet
The internet is defined as a
global mesh of interconnected networks
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Cisco Confidential
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LANs, WANs, and the Internet
Intranet and Extranet
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Cisco Confidential
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Connecting to the Internet
Connecting Remote Users to the Internet
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Cisco Confidential
15
Network Media
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Cisco Confidential
16
Copper Cabling
Copper Media
Unshielded Twisted
Pair (UTP) Cable
Shielded Twisted
Pair (STP) Cable
Coaxial Cable
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
17
Copper Cabling
UTP Cable
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
18
Copper Cabling
STP Cable
Braided or Foil Shield
Foil Shields
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Cisco Confidential
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Copper Cabling
Coaxial Cable
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Cisco Confidential
20
Copper Cabling
Cooper Media Safety
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Cisco Confidential
21
UTP Cabling
Properties of UTP Cabling

UTP cable does not use shielding to counter the effects of EMI and
RFI. Instead, cable designers have discovered that they can limit the
negative effect of crosstalk by:
Cancellation
Varying the number of twists per wire pair
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Cisco Confidential
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UTP Cabling
UTP Cabling Standards
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Cisco Confidential
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UTP Cabling
UTP Connectors
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Cisco Confidential
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UTP Cabling
Types of UTP Cable
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Cisco Confidential
25
UTP Cabling
Testing UTP Cables

After installation, a UTP cable tester should be used to test for the following
parameters:
Wire map
Cable length
Signal loss due to attenuation
Crosstalk
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Cisco Confidential
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling

Fiber-optic cabling is now being used in four types of industry:
Enterprise Networks
Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and Access Networks
Long-Haul Networks
Submarine Networks
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Cisco Confidential
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber Media Cable Design
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Cisco Confidential
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Types of Fiber Media
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Cisco Confidential
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Network Fiber Connectors
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Cisco Confidential
30
Fiber Optic Cabling
Testing Fiber Cables
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Cisco Confidential
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber versus Copper
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Implementation Issues
Copper Media
Fibre Optic
Bandwidth Supported
10 Mbps 10 Gbps
10 Mbps 100 Gbps
Distance
Relatively short
(1 100 meters)
Relatively High
(1 100,000 meters)
Immunity To EMI And RFI
Low
High
(Completely immune)
Immunity To Electrical Hazards
Low
High
(Completely immune)
Media And Connector Costs
Lowest
Highest
Installation Skills Required
Lowest
Highest
Safety Precautions
Lowest
Highest
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Wireless Media
Properties of Wireless Media

Wireless does have some areas of concern including:
Coverage area
Interference
Security
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Cisco Confidential
33
Wireless Media
Types of Wireless Media
IEEE 802.11 standards

Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi.
Uses CSMA/CA
Variations include:
802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz
802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz
802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz
802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz
IEEE 802.15 standard

Supports speeds up to 3 Mb/s
Provides device pairing over distances from 1 to 100
meters.
IEEE 802.16 standard

Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps
Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide
wireless broadband access.
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Cisco Confidential
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Network Representations
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Topology Diagrams
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Reliable Network
Supporting Network Architecture

As networks evolve, we are discovering that there are four basic
characteristics that the underlying architectures need to address in order to
meet user expectations:
Fault Tolerance
Scalability
Quality of Service (QoS)
Security
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Cisco Confidential
37

Configuring a Network Operating System
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Cisco Confidential
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Cisco IOS
Operating Systems
All networking equipment dependent on operating systems
The operating system on home routers is usually called firmware
Cisco IOS Collection of network operating systems used on Cisco
devices
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Cisco Confidential
39
Cisco IOS
Operating Systems (cont.)
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Cisco Confidential
40
Cisco IOS
Purpose of OS
PC operating systems (Windows 8 and OS X) perform technical
functions that enable:
Use of a mouse
View output
Enter text
Switch or router IOS provides options to:
Configure interfaces
Enable routing and switching functions
All networking devices come with a default IOS
Possible to upgrade the IOS version or feature set
In this course, primary focus is Cisco IOS Release 15.x
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
41
Cisco IOS
Location of the Cisco IOS

Cisco IOS stored in Flash
Non-volatile storage, not lost when power is lost

Can be changed or overwritten as needed
Can be used to store multiple versions of IOS
IOS copied from flash to volatile RAM
Quantity of flash and RAM memory determines IOS that can be used
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Cisco Confidential
42
Cisco IOS
IOS Functions
These are the major functions performed or enabled by Cisco routers
and switches.
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Cisco Confidential
43
Accessing a Cisco IOS Device
Console Access Method

Most common methods to access the CLI:
Console
Telnet or SSH
AUX port
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Cisco Confidential
44
Console Access Method

Console Port
Device is accessible even if no networking services have been
configured (out-of-band)
Need a special console cable
Allows configuration commands to be entered
Should be configured with passwords to prevent unauthorized access
Device should be located in a secure room so console port cannot be
easily accessed
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Telnet, SSH, and AUX Access Methods

Telnet
Method for remotely accessing the CLI over a network
Require active networking services and one active interface that is
configured
Secure Shell (SSH)
Remote login similar to Telnet, but utilizes more security
Stronger password authentication
Uses encryption when transporting data
Aux Port
Out-of-band connection
Uses telephone line
Can be used like console port
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
46
Terminal Emulation Programs

Software available for
connecting to a networking
device:
PuTTY
Tera Term
SecureCRT
HyperTerminal
OS X Terminal
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
47
Navigating the IOS
Cisco IOS Modes of Operation
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Cisco Confidential
48
Navigating the IOS
Primary Modes
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Cisco Confidential
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Navigating the IOS
Global Configuration Mode and Submodes
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Cisco Confidential
50
Navigating the IOS
Navigating Between IOS Modes
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Cisco Confidential
51
Navigating the IOS
Navigating Between IOS Modes (cont.)
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Cisco Confidential
52
The Command Structure
IOS Command Structure
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Cisco Confidential
53
Network Protocols and Communications
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Cisco Confidential
54
Function of Protocol in Network Communication
A protocol is a set of predetermined rules

All communication, whether face-to-face or
over a network, is governed by predetermined
rules called protocols.
These protocols are specific to the
characteristics of the conversation.
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Cisco Confidential
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The Rules
What is Communication?
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Cisco Confidential
56
The Rules
Establishing the Rules

An identified sender and receiver
Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face, telephone, letter,
photograph)
Common language and grammar
Speed and timing of delivery
Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements
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Cisco Confidential
57
Function of Protocol in Network

Communication
Describe Protocol suites and industry

standards
A standard is
a process or protocol that has been endorsed by
the networking industry and ratified by a
standards organization, such as the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) or the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF).
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
58
Protocols
Network Protocols
How the message is formatted or structured
The process by which networking devices share information about
pathways with other networks
How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
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59
Protocols
Interaction of Protocols
Application Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Transport Protocol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol Internet Protocol (IP)
Network Access Protocols Data link & physical layers
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Cisco Confidential
60
Protocol Suites
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards
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Cisco Confidential
61
Protocol Suites
Creation of Internet, Development of TCP/IP

The first packet switching network and predecessor to todays Internet
was the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET),
which came to life in 1969 by connecting mainframe computers at four
locations.
ARPANET was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense for use by
universities and research laboratories. Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN)
was the contractor that did much of the initial development of the
ARPANET, including creating the first router known as an Interface
Message Processor (IMP).
In 1973, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf began work on TCP to develop the
next generation of the ARPANET. TCP was designed to replace
ARPANETs current Network Control Program (NCP).
In 1978, TCP was divided into two protocols: TCP and IP. Later, other
protocols were added to the TCP/IP suite of protocols including Telnet,
FTP, DNS, and many others.
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Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication
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63
Standards Organizations
Open Standards
The Internet Society (ISOC)
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
The International Organization for Standards (ISO)
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ISOC, IAB, and IETF
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ISO
OSI Model
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Other Standards Organization

The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
The International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications
Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
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Reference Models
Benefits of Using a Layered Model
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68
Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model
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Reference Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model
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Reference Models
Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models
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71
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

Explain protocol data units (PDU) and
encapsulation
Presentation_ID
As application data is passed down the protocol stack on its way to be transmitted
across the network media, various protocols add information to it at each level.
This is commonly known as the encapsulation process.
The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a Protocol Data Unit
(PDU). During encapsulation, each succeeding layer encapsulates the PDU that it
receives from the layer above in accordance with the protocol being used.
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The Application Layer

The Application layer provides the interface to the network.
The application layer prepares human communication to be
transmitted over the data network.
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The Presentation Layer
The Presentation layer has three primary functions:

Coding and conversion of Application layer data to ensure that data from the source device
can be interpreted by the appropriate application on the destination device.
Compression of the data in a manner that can be decompressed by the destination device.
Encryption of the data for transmission and the decryption of data upon receipt by the
destination.
The Session Layer

As the name of the Session layer implies, functions at this layer create and maintain dialogs
between source and destination applications.
The Session layer handles the exchange of information to initiate dialogs, keep them active,
and to restart sessions that are disrupted or idle for a long period of time.
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Cisco Confidential
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The Transport Layer:

The transport layer prepares the application
data for transport over the network and
process the network data for use by
application.
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The Role of Transport Layer
The Transport layer provides for the segmentation of data and

the control necessary to reassemble these pieces into the
various communication streams. Its primary responsibilities to
accomplish this are:
Tracking the individual communication between applications
on the source and destination hosts
Segmenting data and managing each piece
Reassembling the segments into streams of application data
Identifying the different applications
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Cisco Confidential
76
Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
The basic role of the Network Layer in data networks

The Network layer encapsulation allows its contents to be passed
to the destination within a network or on another network with
minimum overhead.
To accomplish
this end-to-end
transport,
Layer 3 uses
four basic
processes:
Addressing
Encapsulation
Routing
Decapsulation
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The Data Link Layer

The data link layer provides a means for exchanging data
over a common local media.
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Data Link Layer Accessing the Media

why Data Link layer protocols are required
to control media access?
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Data Link Layer Accessing the Media
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Describe the role the Data Link layer plays in linking the software and hardware
layers
The Data Link layer exists as a connecting layer between the software processes
of the layers above it and the Physical layer below it. As such, it prepares the
Network layer packets for transmission across some form of media, be it copper,
fiber, or the atmosphere.
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Data Link Sublayers
To support a wide variety of network functions, the Data Link

layer is often divided into two sublayers: an upper sublayer
and an lower sublayer.
The upper sublayer defines the software processes that
provide services to the Network layer protocols.
The lower sublayer defines the media access processes
performed by the hardware.
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The two common LAN sublayers are:
Logical Link Control
Logical Link Control (LLC) places information in the frame that identifies which Network layer protocol is being used for the
frame. This information allows multiple Layer 3 protocols, such as IP and IPX, to utilize the same network interface and
media.
Media Access Control
Media Access Control (MAC) provides Data Link layer addressing and delimiting of data according to the physical signaling
requirements of the medium and the type of Data Link layer protocol in use.
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Data Link Sublayers

Network
LLC Sublayer
Data Link
Presentation_ID
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802.15
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
802.11
802.11
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Physical
802.3
802.3
Ethernet
Ethernet
MAC Sublayer
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Physical Layer Protocols & Services

Purpose of the Physical Layer
Presentation_ID
The role of the OSI physical layer is to encode the binary digits that represent
data link layer frames into signals and to transmit and receive these signals
across the physical mediacopper wires, optical fiber, and wirelessthat
connect network devices.
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Purpose of Physical Layer

To prepare a data-link frame for the journey across the medium, the physical layer
encodes the logical frame with patterns of data that will make it recognizable to the device
that will pick it up on the other end of the medium. The device can be a router that will
forward the frame or the destination device.
The delivery of frames across the local media requires the following physical layer
elements:
The physical media and associated connectors
A representation of bits on the media
Encoding of data and control information
Transmitter and receiver circuitry on the network devices
After the signals traverse the medium, they are decoded to their original bit representations
of data and given to the data link layer as a complete frame.
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Keeping the Network Safe
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Network Device Security Measures
Threats to Network Security

Categories of Threats to Network Security
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Physical Security
Four classes of physical threats are:
Hardware threats Physical damage to servers, routers,
switches, cabling plant, and workstations
Environmental threats Temperature extremes (too hot or too
cold) or humidity extremes (too wet or too dry)
Electrical threats Voltage spikes, insufficient supply voltage
(brownouts), unconditioned power (noise), and total power loss
Maintenance threats Poor handling of key electrical
components (electrostatic discharge), lack of critical spare parts,
poor cabling, and poor labeling
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Types of Security Vulnerabilities

Vulnerabilities - Technology
Types of Security
Weaknesses:
Technological
Configuration
Security policy
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Vulnerabilities and Network Attacks
Viruses, Worms and Trojan Horses

Virus Malicious software that is attached to another program to
execute a particular unwanted function on a workstation.
Trojan horse An entire application written to look like something
else, when in fact it is an attack tool.
Worms Worms are self-contained programs that attack a system
and try to exploit a specific vulnerability in the target. The worm
copies its program from the attacking host to the newly exploited
system to begin the cycle again.
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Reconnaissance Attacks
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Access Attacks
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Access Attacks (Cont.)
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Denial of Service Attacks (DoS)
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Mitigating Network Attacks
Backup, Upgrade, Update, and Patch

Antivirus software can detect most viruses and many Trojan horse
applications and prevent them from spreading in the network.
Keep current with
the latest versions
of antivirus
software.
Install updated
security patches.
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Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA, or triple A)
Authentication Users and administrators must prove their identity.
Authentication can be established using username and password
combinations, challenge and response questions, token cards, and
other methods.
Authorization Determines which resources the user can access
and the operations that the user is allowed to perform.
Accounting Records what the user accessed, the amount of time
the resource is accessed, and any changes made.
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Firewalls
A Firewall resides
between two or more
networks. It controls
traffic and helps prevent
unauthorized access.
Firewalls
Methods used are:

Packet Filtering
Application Filtering
URL Filtering
Stateful Packet
Inspection (SPI)
Incoming packets must
be legitimate
responses to requests
from internal hosts.
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Endpoint Security
Common endpoints are
laptops, desktops,
servers, smart phones,
and tablets.
Employees must follow
the companies
documented security
policies to secure their
devices.
Policies often include
the use of anti-virus
software and host
intrusion prevention.
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Common Endpoint Devices
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Securing Devices
Introduction to Securing Devices

Part of network security is securing devices, including end devices
and intermediate devices.
Default usernames and passwords should be changed
immediately.
Access to system resources should be restricted to only the
individuals that are authorized to use those resources.
Any unnecessary services and applications should be turned off
and uninstalled, when possible.
Update with security patches as they become available.
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Securing Devices
Passwords
Weak and Strong Passwords
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Securing Devices
Basic Security Practices

Encrypt passwords.
Require minimum
length passwords.
Block brute force
attacks.
Use Banner
Message.
Set EXEC timeout.
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Securing Devices
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Securing Devices
Enable SSH
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11.3 Basic Network

Performance
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CCNA Routing and

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Networks in Our Past and Daily Lives

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interconnecting Our Lives

Networking Impacts in Our Daily Lives

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

LANs, WANs, and Internets

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network components are build up of:

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

End devices form interface with human

both client and server

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

provides connectivity and ensures data

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

LANs and WANs

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

LANs, WANs, and the Internet

Intranet and Extranet

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Connecting to the Internet

Connecting Remote Users to the Internet

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cooper Media Safety

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Properties of UTP Cabling

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

UTP Cabling Standards

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of UTP Cable

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Testing UTP Cables

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fiber Optic Cabling

Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fiber Optic Cabling

Fiber Media Cable Design

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fiber Optic Cabling

Types of Fiber Media

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fiber Optic Cabling

Network Fiber Connectors

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fiber Optic Cabling

Testing Fiber Cables

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fiber Optic Cabling

Fiber versus Copper

10 Mbps 100 Gbps

Immunity To EMI And RFI