ENEM 14012 Principal stresses and

strains
Ref Beer 2012

Introduction
In 3D case, stress
at a point has six
components

x y z
xy yz zx

Introduction
How the
components of
stresses are
transformed under
a rotation of axes
Same is the case
with strains

Transformation of stress plane

stress
y

xy
xy

2D case

z zx yz 0

xy

x , y , xy

xy

Plane stress
A thin plate
Thickness is small
compared to other
dimension
Plane stress:
independent of z
and uniform over
thickness
x
y
xy

, ,

Plane stress

Transformation of Plane
stress

Transformation of Plane
stress
Equilibrium equations:
2
2
F

0
:

cos

sin
2 xy sin cos
x
x
x
y

2
2
F

0
:

)
sin

cos

(cos

sin
)
y
xy
x
y
xy

sin 2 2sin cos

cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
1 cos 2
cos
2
1 cos 2
sin 2
2
2

Transformation of Plane
stress
Putting trigonometric relations
x y x y
x

cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
x y
xy
sin 2 xy cos 2
2
x y x y
y

cos 2 xy sin 2 , 90o

2
2
x y x y C

Principal stresses and max shearing

stress
It is a circle
x y 2 2
x y 2 2
( x
) xy (
) xy
2
2
x y
x y 2 2
if ave
and R (
) xy
2
2
( x ave )2 2 xy R 2

Principal stresses

Principal stresses
Max value of normal
stress
x y
xy
sin 2 xy cos 2 0
2
2 xy
tan 2 P
x y

Principal stresses
The equation defines
o
180
two angles that are
apart
For P ,90o apart
Principal stresses
Principal planes, no
shear stress in this
plane

Principal stresses
Max and min
normal stresses
max ave R and min ave R
max,min

x y
x y 2 2

(
) xy
2
2

Max shearing stress

Point D and E
Ordinate is max
shearing stress
Abscissa is

ave

x y

Max shearing stress

ave
x

x y

x y
2

2
x y x y
x

cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2

Max shearing stress

x y
cos 2 S xy sin 2 S 0
2
x y
tan 2 S
2 xy
x y 2 2
R max (
) xy
2
x y

normal stress, ave

2

Orientation of element
For max shear and
max normal stress
x y
tan 2 S
2 xy

tan 2 P

2 xy

x y

Orientation of element
Relative orientation
1
tan 2 S
tan 2 P
sin 2 s cos 2 P

0
cos 2 s sin 2 P
sin 2 s sin 2 P cos 2 s cos 2 P 0
cos(2 s 2 P ) 0
2 s 2 P 90o

S P 45o

Mohrs circle: plane stress

The circle we saw is Mohr circle
German engineer Otto Mohr (18351918)
The circle can be used as an
alternative solution of problem
Is based on geometric consideration,
not required the use of many
formulas

Mohrs circle: plane stress

Principal stress and maximum shear

stress

Thin-walled pressure vessels

Application of plane
stress
Wall offers little
resistance to bending
Internal forces on the
wall are tangent to
the wall surface
Types: cylindrical and
spherical pressure
vessels

Thin-walled pressure vessels

Stresses on the wall

Longitudinal stress

Hoop stress
r/t>=10

0 : 1 (2t x) p(2r x) 0

pr
t

2
F

0
:

(2

rt
)

r
0
x
2

pr
2
2t
1 2 2

Sphere
pr
1 2
2t

pr
max 1
2 4t