BQS 2213 : TENDERING

AND ESTIMATING
Principle and Technique of Estimating
-FLOOR FINISHES-

FLOOR FINISHES
FLOOR SURFACE top surface of a floor structure
FLOOR LAYERS - thickness of floor in multiples of 50mm

FLOOR SCREEDS
- provide a level surface to which a floor finish can be applied
- protection of insulation layer
- cement+sand+water / precast slabs / made ground
- a screed laid on a concrete base should be at least 40mm thick, with wire net
reinforcement at least 35mm thick

FLOOR FINISHES
- materials that are applied to a floor surface as a finished surface
- determinants in choosing floor finish
1. type of building (residential, inddustrial, commercial)
2. foot traffic (light, heavy, wheeled)
3. special requirements (easy to clean, resistant to liquids, non-slip,...)
4. cost (labor, manual)
FLOOR FINISHES CLASSIFICATION
1.JOINTLESS
2.FLEXIBLE THIN SHEET AND TILE

3. RIGID TILE AND STONE SLABS

4. WOOD AND WOOD BASED

JOINTLESS FLOOR FINISHES

MASTIC ASPHALT PAVING
- made from either limestone aggregate,
natural rock or pitch-mastic
- serves both floor finish and DPM
- hardwearing, smooth, easy to clean,
but slipery when wet
- can be coloured

load grade

thickness

light duty

15 20 mm

medium

20 25 mm

heavy duty

30 50 mm

GRANOLITHIC PAVING
- cement screed finish
- mixture of crushed granite which has been sieved + cement + water (spread
uniformly and trowelled to a smooth flat surface)
- factories, stores, garages
- additives (sealers, hardeners) may be added to produce improve resistance to
surface water

RESIN BASED FLOOR FINISH

- durability, chemical resistance and hygiene required
- laboratories, hospitals, food preparation buildings
- epoxy resins as binders with cement, quartz, aggregate and pigments

FLEXIBLE THIN SHEET AND TILE FINISHES

LINOLEUM ( cork lino )
- smooth, easy to clean
- oxidised linseed oil + resins + cork or wood
flour + fillers + pigments pressed on a backing
- laid over an effective damp-proof area
- resilient, durable, resistant to oil and grease,
quiet and warm underfoot
- susceptible to water
- in rolls (1,8 or 3,6 m long and
from 2 to 6 mm thick)
- tiles

VINYL FLOORS
- a thermoplastic used in the manufacture of flexible sheets and tiles as a floor finish
- combination of PVC (polyvinylchloride) as a binder with fillers, pigments and
plasticizers to control flexibilty
- wide range of colours, shapes of cuts and thicknesses
- kitchens, bathrooms, offices
- easy to clean, moderate wear, low cost

RUBBER FLOORS
- made from synthetic rubber (SBR styrene butadine rubber)
- cured or vulcanized by the heat
- waterproof, nonporous, resilient
- susceptible to oil, alkalines, grease, ultraviolent light
CORK TILES
- warm, quiet underfoot, resilient and
water-resistant
- susceptible to oil and grease,
nondurable

CARPET FLOORS
- installed wall-to-wall to eliminate
maintanance of hard flooring
- additional source of insulation (acoustical)
- the most resilient floor finish

RIGID TILE AND STONE SLABS FINISHES

CLAY TILES
- a mixture of clay shaped and fired at high
temperature resulting in hard body
- hard, durable floor surface for domestic
and agricultural ground floors
- cold and noisy underfoot
FLOOR QUARRIES
- carr = square
- from natural plastic clay
- the clay is ground, mixed with water and then
moulded in hand operated process and then
burned in a kiln
- tiles vary in quality and size
- colours: red, buff, black, heather brown
-. Very durable, strong inexpensive

VITREOUS FLOOR TILES

- special clay + felspar which gives a tile a semi-gloss finish
- water-resistant, bit slippery when wet
- tiles are uniform in shape and size
- wide range of colours

CONCRETE TILES
- made of cement and sand
(hydraulically pressed to
shape as floor tiling)
STONE SLABS
- natural stone in units (larger than tiles)
- from very hard slabs of granite to the less dense
soft marble
- hard, noisy and cold (when floor is not insluated)
underfoot

Drawing of bathroom tiles design example

WOOD AND WOOD BASED FINISHES

FLOOR BOARDS
- boards are nailed to wood battens set in a screed or to batterns secured in floor
clips
WOOD STRIP FLOORING
- wood shrinks across the long grain (the wider the board, the greater the loss of
width and shape --> narrow stripes
- T & G strip flooring (edges are cut on one side to tongue and on the other side to
groove)
- secret nailing

Strip flooring fixed to battens and clips

BLOCK WOOD FLOORING

- resistance to heavy wear is required
- patterns : bonded, herringbone, basket weave
- the top surface may be sanded

LABOUR CONSTANT
Finishes work normally can be divided by 2 steps :
1. Mixing the materials (cement and sand) needed to
make a mortar by the general worker with the constant
output 2hour per 1m3 mortar
2. Spread and leveling the mortar to the floor, ceiling or
wall with steel trowelled. Below the labour constant for
spreading the mortar:
TYPE OF PAVING
1 PAVIOR AND 1
GENERAL WORKER
(hour/m2)
Cement paving/ Turapan simen
Granolithic paving / Turapan
granolitik
Screeded / Lapis lepa screeded
Floated / Lapis lepa floated
Trowelled / Lapis lepa trowelled

0.30
0.35
0.25
0.28
0.30

SCHEDULE OF DAYWORK RATES

Trade (Tukang)

Rate per Day (RM)

Kadar Upah / Hari
(RM)
RM 65.00
RM 65.00
RM 65.00
RM 65.00
RM 40.00

Tiler (Tukang Tile)

Pavior (Tukang Jubin)
Painter (Tukang Cat)
Glazier (Tukang Kaca)
General Worker (Pekerja
Biasa)
NOTE : 1 WEEK 7 working days
1 DAY - 8 working hours

Example 1
Calculate the unit rate for cement paving below:
25mm thk cement and sand (1:3) paving with steel trowelled
finish to floor level or to falls not exceeding 15o from the
horizontal on concrete base m2
Assumptions:
Cement = RM 10.50/bag of 50kg
For 1m3 cement need 28 bags
Sand = RM 30.00/m3
Shrinkage and wastage = 1/3 of the cost for cement and sand
Overhead and profit = 15%

1.Cost to prepare or mix the mortar:

Material cost:
Cement and sand (1:3)
1 m3 cement = 28 bags x RM 10.50
3 m3 sand
= 3 m3 x RM 30.00
1/3 shrinkage and wastage
Material cost for 4 m3
Material cost for 1m3 = RM 512.00
4m3
Labour cost:
General worker = 2 hour x RM 40.00
8 hour
Cost of mortar/m3

RM
294.00
RM
90.00
RM
384.00
RM
128.00
RM
512.00
RM
128.00

Cost of 25mm thick mortar /m2 = RM

138 x 0.025m
RM

2. Spread and leveling the mortar to

the floor using steel trowel
Cost of 25mm thick mortar /m2 = RM
138 x 0.025m

RM 3.45

Labour cost:
1 pavior = 0.30 hour x RM 65.00
8 hour
1 general worker = 0.30 hour x RM
40.00

RM 2.44
RM 1.50
8

hour
Overhead and profit (15%)

RM 7.39
RM 1.11

RM
8.50

Example 2
Calculate the unit rate for tiles to the floor finishes:
200mm x 200mm x 7mm thick homogenous tile bedded, jointed and
pointed in cement past to floor level or to falls not exceeding 15 o from
the horizontal on screeded bed m2
Assumption:
Tile cost = RM 2.00/pcs
Tile wastage = 5%
Cement paste wastage = 5%
Labour output to mix cement paste = 1 general worker at 2hour per
1m3
Cement paste usage to bedded the tile = 0.02m 3 per 1m2 of tiles
Labour output to lay tile = 0.75 hour/m2 for 1 general worker and 1
pavior
Profit and overhead = 15%

Material cost:
Tiles = 25 pcs x RM 2.00
Wastage (5%)
Cement mix (1m3) = 28 bag x RM
10.50
Wastage (5%)
Labour cost (cement paste) :
2hour x RM 40.00 / 8 hour
Total cost to prepare cement paste
0.02 m3 cement paste = 0.02 m3 x
RM 318.70
Cost to bed the tiles to floor:
Pavior = 0.75 hour x RM 65/8hour
General worker = 0.75 hour x RM
40/8 hour
Overhead and profit (15%)
RM/m2

RM 294.00
RM 14.70
RM 308.70
RM 10.00
RM 318.70

RM
50.00
RM
2.50

RM 6.37
RM 5.63 RM 58.87
RM 3.75
RM 9.38
RM 68.25
RM 10.24

RM
78.49