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Chapter

4
Computer Software

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Learning Objectives
1. Describe several important trends
occurring in computer software.
2. Give examples of several major types of
application and system software.
3. Explain the purpose of several popular
software packages for end user
productivity and collaborative computing.
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Learning Objectives
4. Outline the functions of an operating
system.
5. Describe the main uses of computer
programming software, tools, and
languages.

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What is Software?
Definition:
Various kinds of programs used to
operate computers and related devices

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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

Microsofts Business Solutions Division:
Teams formed for different industries
Injected industry-specific codes directly
into its core software platforms
Hired business technology professionals
steeped in sector-specific knowledge
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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

Microsofts New Strategy:
Creating accelerators aimed at business
processes common to companies in a given
industry
Inserting industry-enabling layers to serve the
needs of a broad base of companies in a
particular sector
Seeking partnerships with vendors that have
deep industry roots
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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

1. A common phrase among IT
professionals is The world views its
data through Windows. Why does
Microsoft dominate the desktop and
networked software market? Visit its
website at www.microsoft.com and
review its broad range of software
products and services to help with your
answer.
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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

2. How successful will Microsoft be in competing
with software vendors who specialize in
vertical market applications like health care,
retail, and specialty services? Why?
3. Do you agree with Microsofts strategy to
develop industry-specific partners to capitalize
on opportunities in both large and small
business sectors? Is there an advantage or a
disadvantage to being one of Microsofts
partners in this type of relationship? Explain.
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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

4. Does Microsofts entry into industryspecific applications signal the end for
smaller industry-specific software
developers? What changes in strategy
by such developers are necessary to
compete with Microsoft?

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Types of Software

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Types of Software
Application Software - performs
information processing tasks for end
users
System Software manages and
supports operations of computer systems
and networks

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Application Software
General-Purpose programs that perform
common information processing jobs for
end users
Application-Specific support specific
applications of end users in business and
other fields

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How is Software Developed?

Custom Software software applications
that are developed within an organization
for use by that organization
Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS)
Software software that is developed by
a software developer with the intention of
selling the software in multiple copies

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General-Purpose Application Software

Software Suites
Web Browsers
Electronic Mail
Word Processing
Spreadsheets
Database Managers
Presentation Graphics
Personal Information Managers
Groupware

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Software Suites

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Integrated Packages
Definition:
Combine some of the functions of several
programs into one software package

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Definition:
Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and
so on, which gives an application its look
and feel

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Web Browser
Definition:
Software interface used to point and click
through the hyperlinked resources of the
Internet

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Web Browser

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Electronic Mail & Instant Messaging

Electronic Mail software used to send
and receive electronic messages and file
attachments via the Internet, intranets or
extranets
Instant Messaging (IM) software used to
send and receive electronic messages
instantly to facilitate real time
communication and collaboration
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E-mail

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Word Processing & Desktop Publishing

Word Processing software that supports
the creation, editing, revision and printing
of documents
Desktop Publishing (DTP) software that
supports the production of materials that
look professionally published

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Word Processing

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Electronic Spreadsheets
Definition:
Software that supports the development
of electronic worksheets consisting of
rows and columns used for business
analysis, planning and modeling

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Spreadsheets

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Presentation Graphics
definisi:
Software yang membantu mengubah data
numerik ke dalam menampilkan grafis
dan mempersiapkan presentasi
multimedia termasuk gambar, foto,
animasi, dan klip video

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Presentation Software

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Graphics Software

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Video Software

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Personal Information Manager (PIM)

definisi:
Software untuk produktivitas pengguna
akhir dan kolaborasi

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Groupware
definisi:
Software yang membantu kelompok kerja
dan tim bekerja sama untuk mencapai
tugas kelompok

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Software Alternatives
Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelf
software
Application Service Providers
perusahaan yang memiliki, mengoperasikan,
dan memelihara perangkat lunak aplikasi dan
sumber daya sistem komputer yang dibutuhkan
untuk menawarkan penggunaan perangkat
lunak aplikasi untuk biaya sebagai layanan
melalui Internet
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Software Licensing
Pembelian hak untuk menggunakan
software tertentu di bawah persyaratan
perjanjian lisensi perangkat lunak
Melindungi vendor hak kekayaan
intelektual

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Case #2: New Face of Web Services

Layanan Web:
Menyediakan programmer pihak ketiga
dan mitra bisnis dengan akses ke
beberapa data dan fungsi situs dasar
Pengembang independen dapat
membangun aplikasi untuk memenuhi
ceruk pasar yang pelanggan inginkan

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C Case #2: New Face of Web Services

eBay:
40% of items listed for sale on eBay come
through its API
Amazon:
Product Details
Search Capabilities
Customer Reviews
Sales Rankings
Wish Lists
Registries
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Case #2: New Face of Web Services

1.

Apa tujuan dan nilai bisnis dari layanan Web?

2.

Apa manfaat dari layanan Web untuk Amazon,

eBay dan mitra pengembang mereka?

3.

Apa saja tantangan bisnis layanan Web?

Kunjungi layanan Web situs IBM dan Microsoft
untuk membantu dengan jawaban Anda.

4.

Apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan

penggunaan bisnis layanan Web saat ini?

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System Software
Program Manajemen Sistem- program yang
mengelola perangkat keras, perangkat lunak,
jaringan, dan sumber daya data sistem komputer
selama pelaksanaan berbagai informasi
pengolahan pekerjaan dari pengguna akhir
Program Pengembangan Sistem- program yang
membantu pengguna mengembangkan program
sistem informasi dan prosedur dan mempersiapkan
program-program pengguna untuk pemrosesan
komputer
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Operating System
definisi:
Sebuah sistem terintegrasi program yang
mengelola operasi CPU, mengontrol input
/ output dan penyimpanan sumber daya
dan kegiatan dari sistem komputer, dan
menyediakan berbagai layanan dukungan
sebagai komputer mengeksekusi program
aplikasi pengguna

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Operating System Functions

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User Interface
definisi:
Bagian dari sistem operasi yang
memungkinkan Anda untuk
berkomunikasi dengannya sehingga Anda
dapat memuat program, mengakses file,
dan menyelesaikan tugas-tugas lainnya

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Types of User Interfaces

Command-Driven
Menu-Driven
Graphical User Interfaces

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Resource Management
definisi:
Program untuk mengelola perangkat
keras dan jaringan sumber daya dari
sistem komputer, termasuk CPU, memori,
perangkat penyimpanan sekunder,
prosesor telekomunikasi, dan input /
output peripheral

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File Management
definisi:
Program yang mengontrol penciptaan,
penghapusan, dan akses file data dan
program serta melacak lokasi fisik file
pada disk magnetik dan perangkat
penyimpanan sekunder lainnya

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Task Management
definisi:
Program yang mengontrol tugas
mendapatkan akses ke CPU dan untuk
berapa banyak waktu
Multitasking - pendekatan yang
memungkinkan untuk beberapa tugas
komputasi yang akan dilakukan dengan
cara yang tampaknya simultan
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Popular Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows
UNIX
Linux
Mac OS X

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Other System Management Programs

Kinerja Monitor - program yang
memantau dan menyesuaikan kinerja dan
penggunaan dari satu atau lebih sistem
komputer untuk menjaga mereka berjalan
efisien
Keamanan Monitor - program yang
memantau dan mengontrol penggunaan
sistem komputer dan memberikan pesan
peringatan dan bukti catatan penggunaan
yang tidak sah sumber daya komputer
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Application Servers
definisi:
Software yang menyediakan sebuah
antarmuka antara sistem operasi dan
program aplikasi pengguna
Middleware - software yang membantu
aplikasi perangkat lunak yang beragam
dan sistem komputer jaringan pertukaran
data dan bekerja sama lebih efisien
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Programming Language

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Programming Languages
Empat Tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman
Bahasa Mesin :
Menggunakan perintah binari
yang dikodekkan.

Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi :

Menggunakan pernyataan singkat
atau berbagai notasi aritmatika.

1010
1011

BASIC : X = Y + Z
COBOL : COMPUTE X = Y + Z

1100
1101

11010
11011

Bahasa Perakitan :
Menggunakan perintah simbolis
yang dikodekkan
LOD Y
ADD Z
STR X

Bahasa Generasi Keempat :

Menggunakan pernyataan natural
dan nonpresuderal.
SUM THE FOLLOWING
NUMBER

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4 - 50

Machine Languages
Semua instruksi program harus ditulis
dengan menggunakan kode biner yang
unik untuk setiap komputer
Programmer harus memiliki pengetahuan
rinci tentang operasi internal dari jenis
spesifik CPU

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4 - 51

Assembler Languages
Singkatan dan simbol abjad yang
digunakan untuk mewakili kode operasi
dan lokasi penyimpanan
Program penerjemah bahasa yang
diperlukan untuk mengkonversi instruksi
ke instruksi mesin

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High-Level Languages
Instructions that use brief statements or
arithmetic expressions
Each statement generates several
machine instructions when translated by
compilers or interpreters

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Fourth-Generation Languages
Nonprocedural programmers specify
results while computer determines the
sequence of instructions that will
accomplish those results
Natural Language very close to human
language

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Object-Oriented Languages
Ties together data
element and the
procedures or actions
that will be performed
upon them

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Web Languages
HTML a page description language that
creates hypertext or hypermedia documents
XML describes the contents of Web pages by
applying identifying tags or contextual labels to
the data in Web documents
Java an object-oriented programming
language that is simple, secure and platform
independent
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HTML

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Web Services
Definition:
Software components that are based on a
framework of Web and object-oriented
standards and technologies for using the
Web to electronically link the applications
of different user and different computing
platforms

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Web Services

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Language Translator Programs

Assembler translates the symbolic instruction
codes of programs written in an assembler
language into machine language instructions
Compiler translates high-level language
statements
Interpreter compiler that translates and
executes each statement in a program one at a
time
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Programming Tools
Graphical Programming Interfaces
Programming Editors
Debuggers
CASE tools

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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

Statistics:
Linux runs almost 15% of all servers
Growing at 23% per year
Over 10% of IBM mainframe sales run Linux
Only 1% of PCs use Linux but 30% of chief
technologists were considering moving their
companies PCs to Linux
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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

How did Linux get into the mainstream?
Low-cost alternative in sagging economy
Intel loosened its relationship with Microsoft
IBM made an effort to be Linux-compatible
Fear of Microsoft gaining a stranglehold on
corporate customers
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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

Open Source:
Free
Stable
Easily fixed if bugs appear

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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

1. Should businesses continue to switch to
the Linux operating system on servers
and mainframes? Why or why not?
2. Should business and consumer PC
users switch to Linux PC operating
systems like Lindows and software
suites like Suns Star Office? Why or
why not?
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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

3. Should the IT departments of companies
like Merrill Lynch contribute their
software improvements to the opensource community for products like
Linux? Explain your reasoning.

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Case #4: Using Java in Business

Benefits:
Java can run on any hardware or
operating systems
Easy to modify code as needs expand
Networking capabilities reduce the need
for remote servers
Easy to integrate with middleware and
databases
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Case #4: Using Java in Business

1. What are the benefits of Java as a
programming language for retail POS
applications compared to other programming
languages?
2. What are the benefits of Java for the
development of e-commerce portals for
customers and suppliers like PartsEdge?
3. Why do companies like Marks Work
Wearhouse frequently team Java with the
Linux operating system?
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Summary
Computer software consists of
applications software that directs the
performance of a particular use of
computers to meet the information
processing needs of users, and system
software that controls and supports the
operations of a computer system as it
performs various information processing
tasks.
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4 - 69

Summary
Application software includes general-purpose
and application-specific categories.
General-purpose application programs perform
common information processing jobs for end
users.
Application-specific programs accomplish
information processing tasks that support
specific business functions.
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4 - 70

Summary
System software can be subdivided into system
management programs and system
development programs.
System management programs manage the
hardware, software, network, and data
resources of a computer system during its
execution of information processing jobs.
System development programs help IS
specialists develop computer programs to
support business processes.
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Summary
An operating system is an integrated
system of programs that supervises the
operation of the CPU, controls the
input/output and storage functions of the
computer system, and provides various
support services.

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4 - 72

Summary
Programming languages require the use
of a variety of programming packages to
help programmers develop computer
programs, and language translator
programs to convert programming
language instructions into machine
language instruction codes.

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Chapter

4
End of Chapter

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