Beruflich Dokumente
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LINGUISTICS
1. KASWAN, S.Pd. MM
2. DASEP SUPRIJADI, S.Pd.
MPd
3. NAI SUPARTINI, S.S.,M.Hum
4. MUNDRIYAH, S.IP., MEd
1. LINGUISTICS
A. Linguistics : the study of language as a system of human
communication
B. Linguistics includes many different approaches to the study of
language and many different areas of investigation :
1) sound systems (phonetics, phonology),
2) sentence structure (syntax),
3) relationships between language and cognition (cognitive
linguistics),
4) meaning systems (semantics, pragmatics, functions of
language),
5) language and social factors (sociolinguistics).
C. Several specialized branches of linguistics have also developed in
combination with other disciplines, e.g.
1) applied linguistics,
3) anthropological linguistics,
2) psycholinguistics,
4) forensic linguistics.
2. LANGUAGE
1. Language : the system of human communi-cation which
consists of the structured arrangement of sounds (or their
written repre-sentation) into larger units, e.g. morphemes,
words, sentences, utterances.
2. Morphemes : the smallest meaningful unit in a language
( e.g. un-.., dis-, -ment, good)
3. Word: the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its
own in speech or writing.
4. Sentence: the largest unit of grammatical organization within
which
parts of speech (e.g. nouns, verbs, adverbs) and
grammatical classes (e.g. word, phrase, clause) are said to
function.
5. Utterance: a unit of analysis in speech which has been defined
in various ways but most commonly as a sequence of words
within a single persons turn at talk that falls under a single
intonation contour.
3. BRANCHES OF
LINGUISTICS
1. Phonetics: the study of speech sound which can be distinguished into main areas:
articulatory phonetics (production of speech sounds), acoustic phonetics (transmission
of speech sounds), and auditory phonetics (perception of speech sounds).
2. Phonology covers phonetics and phonemics (the study or description of the
distinctive sound units (phonemes) of a
language and their relationship to one another.
3. Syntax : a system of rules which describe how all well-formed sentences of a language
can be derived from basic elements (morphemes, words, part of speech).
4. Semantics: the study of meaning, which deals with polysemy, synonymy, antonymy,
hyponymy, idiom, etc
5. Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the
relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.
6. Sociolinguistics : the study of language in relation to social factors, that is social class,
educational level and type of education, age, sex, ethnic origin, etc.
7. Cognitive linguistics: an approach to linguistics which stresses the interaction
between language and cognition, focusing on language as an instrument for organizing,
processing, and conveying information.
8. Morphology : the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the
way they combine in word formation.
2. LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY
1. a. Sociolinguistics refers to the study of language
in relation to social factors, that is, social class,
educational level and type of education, age, sex,
ethnic origin, etc.
(Richards, et al., 1995: 262).
b. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in
relation to society ( Wardhaugh, 1998: 13)
2. a. Sociology of language refers to the study of
society
in relation to language
(Wardhaugh, 1998: 13).
b. Sociology of language is the study of
varieties and their users within social
framework (Richards, et al.,1995: 262).
LANGUAGE AND
COMMUNICATION (2)
A. Properties of Language (2)
8. Continual Change : Language is always changing.
9. Reciprocity/ Turn-taking : Spoken language involves
structured interchanges in which people take it in turn to talk.
10. Purely human activity : Only human beings have a system
of symbols (words) used to communicate.
11. Non-instinctive : Language has to be learnt as a system of
arbitrary conventional symbols
12 Cultural transmission : a person acquires a language in a
culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.
Language is passed on from one generation to the next in
that way.
13 Discreteness : the sounds used in language are meaningful
distinct. For example , the difference between a p and a b in
pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning.
LANGUAGE AND
COMMUNICATION (3)
1. Communication refers to the transmission of information ( a message )
between a source and a receiver, using a signalling system
2. The study of human communication in all its modes is called semiotics.
3. Modes of Communication
A. Tactile communication involves touch (as in shaking hands, grasping
someones arm or shoulder) and manipulation of physical distance and
body orientation in order to communicate indifferences or disagreement.
The study of tactile communicative behaviour is proxemics.
B. Visual communication involves the use of facial expression (as in
smiling, winking, eyebrow flashing which communicates a wide range of
emotions) and gestures and body postures. The study of visual
communicative behaviour is kinesics.
C. The chief branch of communication studies involves oral-aural mode, in
the form of speech, and its systemic visual reflex in the form of writing.
These are the verbal aspects of communication, distinguished from
the non-verbal aspects (kinesics and proxemics) (McArthur, 1992:
238).
LINGUISTIC VARIETIES
of linguistic expression
1. Variety refers to any system
LANGUAGE CHANGE
ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE
CHANGE
3. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
1. Language acquisition is the process by which humans
acquire the capacity to perceive, produce and use words to
understand and communicate. This capacity involves the
picking up of diverse capacities including syntax, phonetics,
and an extensive vocabulary.
2. First language acquisition (L1 Acquisition studies
infants' acquisition of their native language or their first
language.
3. Second language acquisition (SLA) : the way in which
people learn a language other than their mother tongue, inside
or outside of a classroom. Second language acquisition
includes learning a new language in a foreign language context
(e,g. English in Indonesia) as well as learning a new language
in a host language environment (e.g. Inonesian in Indonesia).
REFERENCES
Collinge, N.E (ed).(2005). An Encyclopedia of Language. New York: Routledge.
Crystal, David (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press.
Fromklin, Victoria, et al. (2011). An Introduction to Language. Boston: Wadworth.
Kaswan .(2010). A Brief Introduction to Language Society. Bandung: STKIP Siliwangi.
Kaswan. (2010). A Brief Introduction to Language Acquisition. Bandung: STKIP
Siliwangi.
Leaver, Betty Lou et al (2005). Achieving Success in Second Language Acquisition.
Cambridge: CUP
Malmkjaer, Kirsten. (2002). The Linguistics Encyclopedia. London: Routledge.
Malmkjaer, Kirsten. (2010). The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia. London:
Routledge.
Mesthrie, Rajend. (2001). The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics. Amsterdam :
Elsvier Science Ltd.
Radford, Andrew. Et al. (2009). Linguistics: Introduction. Cambridge: CUP.
Richards, Jack C. (2010). Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics.
Great Britain: Pearson Educational Limited.