Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ELECTRICAL POWER
SYSTEMS
Chapter 4
Line Model and Performance
1
Introduction
Analyze the performance of single-phase
and balanced three-phase transmission
lines under normal steady-state operating
conditions.
Expression of voltage and current at any
point along the line are developed, where
the nature of the series impedance and
shunt admittance is taken into account.
The performance of transmission line is
measured based on the voltage regulation
and line loadability.
2
Transmission Line
Representation
Is IR
+ +
Vs ABCD VR
- -
3
Transmission Line
Representation
To facilitate the performance calculations
relating to a transmission line, the line is
approximated as a series–parallel
interconnection of the relevant
parameters.
Consider a transmission line to have:
A sending end and a receiving end;
A series resistance and inductance; and
A shunt capacitance and conductance
4
Transmission Line
Representation
The relation between sending–end and
receiving–end quantities of the two–port
network can be written as:
VS = AVR + BI R
I S = CVR + DI R
VS A B VR
I = C D I
S R
5
Transmission Line
Representation
Short Line Model
< 80 km in length
Shunt effects are neglected.
Medium Line Model
Range from 80–240 km in length
Shunt capacitances are lumped at a few
predetermined points along the line.
Long Line Model
>240 km in length.
Uniformly distributed parameters.
Shunt branch consists of both capacitance and
conductance. 6
Short Line Model
Z
IS R XL IR
VS VR
7
Short Line Model
Z = z = ( r + j ωL )
= R + jX L
where :
r = per - phase resistance
L = per - phase inductance
= line length 8
Short Line Model
Thus, the ABCD parameters are easily
obtained from KVL and KCL equations as
below:
VS = VR + ZI R
IS = IR
VS 1 Z VR
I = 0 1 I
S R
A = D = 1 pu ; B = Z Ω ; C = 0 S 9
Remember!
S L ( 3φ ) = S S ( 3φ ) − S R ( 3φ )
12
Voltage Regulation
VR ( NL ) − VR ( FL )
% VR = ×100
VR ( FL )
VS
VR ( NL ) = VR ( FL ) = VR
A
No–load Full–load
receiving–end voltage receiving–end voltage
13
VS = AVRNL + BI R
No Load Condition : I R = 0
Thus;
Vs
VRNL =
A
Short Line VRNL = VS
VS
Medium Line VRNL =
ZY
1 +
2
Long Line ??
14
Voltage Regulation
The effect of load power factor on voltage
regulation is illustrated in phasor diagram.
The phasor diagrams are graphical
representation of lagging, unity and
leading power factor.
15
Voltage Regulation
The higher (worse) voltage regulation
occurs for the lagging pf load where VR(NL)
exceeds VR(FL) by the larger amount.
A smaller or even negative voltage
regulation occurs in leading pf load.
16
Voltage Regulation
In practice, transmission line voltages
decrease when heavily loaded and increase
when lightly loaded.
EHV lines are maintained within ±5% of
rated voltage, corresponding to about 10%
voltage regulation.
10% voltage regulation for lower voltage
lines also considered good operating
practice.
17
Line Loadability
Another important issue that affect
transmission line performance.
3 major line loading limits are:
Thermal limit
Short transmission lines [<80 km length]
Voltage drop limit
Longer line length [ 80–300 km length]
Steady-state stability limit
Line length over 300 km
18
Example 1 :Short TL
A 220-kV, 50 Hz, three-phase transmission line
is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15
Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 1.5915
mH/km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use
the line model to find the voltage and power at
the sending end and the voltage regulation and
efficiency when the line is supplying a three-
phase load of
a) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 220 kV
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 220 kV
19
Example 2 :Short TL
A 220-kV, 50 Hz, three-phase transmission line
is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15
Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 1.5915
mH/km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use
the line model to find the voltage and power at
the sending end and the voltage regulation and
efficiency when the line is supplying a three-
phase load of
a) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 220 kV
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 220 kV
20
Solution (a)
Given
R = 0.15 Ω/km , L = 1.5915 mH/km
S =381 MVA with pf 0.8 lag
VR(line) =220 kV
Is Z=R+jωL Ω IR
+ +
R jX L
Vs VR
_ _
21
Find sending end voltage, VS = VR + ZI R
Therefore, find VR , Z, and I R
VR ( Line )
VR ( phase ) =
3
220∠0o kV
=
3
= 127∠0o kV
23
Therefore,
VS(Phase) = VR ( Phase ) + ZI R
(
= 127∠0o kV + ( 6 + j 20Ω ) 1000∠ − 36.87 o A )
= 144.3∠4.93o kV
VS ( Line ) = 3 VS ( Phase )
= 3 144.3
= 250V
24
Find Sending - end Power, SS = 3VS I S
25
Voltage Regulation,
VRNL − VRFL
%VR = ×100
VRFL
250 −220
= ×100
220
=13 .6%
Effiency,η
PR
%η = ×100
PS
304 .8
= ×100
322 .8
= 94 .4% 26
Medium Line Model – Nominal
π Circuit
IS R XL IR
VS
Y/2 Y/2 VR
27
Medium Line Model
Shunt capacitor is considered.
½ of shunt capacitor considered to be
lumped at each end of the line – π circuit
Total shunt admittance, Y
Y = ( g + jωC )
where :
C = line to neutral capacitance per km
g = line conductance per km
= line length 28
Medium Line Model
Under normal condition,
shunt conductance per unit length (the
leakage current) over the insulators and
due to corona is negligible
Thus, g = 0
29
Medium Line Model
To obtain ABCD parameters, the current in
the series branch is denoted as IL.
Using KCL and KVL, the sending–end
voltage is: VS = VR + ZI L ..[1]
Y
I L = I R + VR ..[ 2]
2
From [1] and [ 2]
Y
VS = VR + Z I R + VR
2
ZY
= 1 + VR + ZI R ..[ 3]
2 30
Medium Line Model
31
Medium Line Model
32
Medium Line Model
Using KCL to obtain equation for sending–
end current:
Y
I S = I L + VS ..[ 4]
2
Substitute [ 2] and [ 3] into [ 4]
VRY YZ Y
IS = IR + + 1 + VR + ZI R
2 2 2
YZ YZ
= Y 1 + VR + 1 + I R ..[ 5]
4 2
33
Medium Line Model
Thus, the ABCD parameters can be
obtained from equation [3] and [5];
ZY
1+ Z VR
VS 2
I =
S Y 1 + ZY 1 + ZY
I R
4
2
ZY ZY
A = D = 1 + pu ; B = Z Ω ; C = Y 1 + S
2 4
34
Medium Line Model
ABCD constant are complex since π model
is a symmetrical two-port network
A=D
The determinant of the transmission
matrix is unity(1)
AD – BC = 1 (Prove this!)
35
Medium Line Model
The receiving and quantities can be
expressed in terms of the sending end
quantities
VR D − B VS
I = − C
A I S
R
37
Medium Line Model – Nominal
T Circuit
Z/2 Z/2
IS IR
VS
Y VR
Z’
IS IR
VS
Y’/2 Y’/2 VR
39
Long Line Model
The shunt capacitance and series
impedance must be treated as distributed
quantities
The ‘V’ and ‘I’ on the line must be found
by solving the differential equation of the
transmission line.
40
Long Line Model
z = R + j ωL y = g + j ωC γ = propagation
constant
z
γ = zy Zc = Zc = characteristic
y impedance
sinh γ
Z'= Z = Z c sinh γ
γ
Y ' Y tanh γ 2 1 γ
= = tanh
2 2 γ 2 Zc 2
41
Long Line Model
If γl <<0 sinh (γl )/( γl ) & tanh (γl /2)/ (γl /2) ≈ 1.0
The ABCD parameters:
VS A B VR
I = C D I
S R
Z 'Y '
A= +1 B = Z'
2
Z 'Y ' Z 'Y '
C = Y ' + 1 D= +1
4 2 42
ABCD Parameters
ABCD A B
Parameters
C D
Short 1 Z
Line 0 1
Medium
π
Medium
T
Long
Line 43
Surge Impedance Loading
When the line is loaded by being terminated with
an impedance equal to its characteristic
impedance, the receiving end current is
VR L
I R = ; Z C Z=c is purely
For a lossless line,
= Surge impedance
ZC C resistive. The
load corresponding to the surge impedance at
rated voltage is known as the surge impedance
loading (SIL).
44
Surge Impedance Loading
2
∗ 3 VR
SIL = 3VR I R =
ZC
Since VR = VLrated /√3, SIL in MVA becomes
SIL =
( kVLrated )
2
MW
ZC
45
Surge Impedance Loading
SIL is useful measure of transmission line
capacity as it indicates a loading where the line’s
reactive requirement are small.
46
Power Transmission
Capability
Power handling ability of a line is limited
by:
Thermal loading limit
Stability limit
47