Introduction

The constant evolution of gender role

can be attributed to the changes in
socializations.
The social constructs of a society with
dominant culture can influence another
leading to the evolution of its
socialization.

Questions

How socialization effects Masculinity?

How Masculinity effects Socialization?
Is westernization a source of Contemp
Masculinity?

Definitions
Socialization -It refers to the way in
which individuals are assisted in
becoming members of one or more social
groups1.
Gender - Characteristics that a society or
culture assigns as masculine or
feminine
Masculinity - Interplay of emotional and
intellectual factors, which implies to both
men and women, which is mediated by
social factors including race, gender and
class2. Masculinity has been continually
characterized by traits such as
independence, confidence and

Theoretical Perspectives
Feminist theory:
Masculinity has its effect on
how men perceive women and
their sexuality. In a way
masculinity defines the order of
the society by establishing
notions of treating women.
Misdirected masculinity in
many social communitiescan
lead to hazardous effects
ofoppression andviolence
against women.
Marxist theory:
Hegemony, a pivotal concept
in Gramsci's Prison Notebooks
and his
most significant contribution to
Marxist thinking, is about the
winning
and holding of power and the
formation (and destruction) of

Figure depicting the harassment and

eve teasing due to misdirected
masculinity4

Misconception Stereotypes

Sex with Gender : Powerful Men Submissive Women

Figure:Stereotypes5

Types of Masculinity
Hegemonic Masculinity proposes
to explain how and why men
maintain dominant social roles over
women, and other gender identities,
which are perceived as "feminine"
in a given society6.
Complicit Masculinity is
embodied by the many men in
society who do not themselves live
up to the ideal of hegemonic
masculinity, yet benefit from its
dominant position in the patriarchal

Different Stereotypes of
Masculinity
1.

2.

3.

Athenian civic model:

Courage is secondary thing. Wealth is given prior importance. But every one show
their when required.

Those who failed to marry and produce children, or who squandered their inheritance,
or failed to control their slaves also failed at being a man.
Spartan martial model:
Courage was so sacrosanct to Spartans that soldiers who acted in cowardly manner on
battlefield would lose citizenship and suffer humiliation.
Finally, the decision to raise children was governed by the Spartan collective and not
the individual
Stoic philosophical model: Courage is knowledge of what is terrible and what is not and
what is neither

Agents of Socialization

Gender socialization, or the patterns of behavior

taught to children and adults in order to help them learn
to behave as acceptable females or males, 9 begins
strikingly early in life.
Though society has its contribution, family has its
strongest influence on the gender development of an
individual by passing on their beliefs and practices.
Surprisingly parents and teachers have the potential to
end the cycle of oppressive gender socialization most
children experience from birth onward, and eventually
perpetuate the same in their own children.

Media
Figure. The Global
Media playing an
important role in the
personality
development of girl
from their childhood
and thus making the
people of all sexes
to follow their
respective gender
roles.10

Appropriation of
Masculinity

Appropriation of western
stereotypes of masculinity
resulting from a form of
imperialism.
Media and film act as a bridge
between social communities
facilitating the development of
gender stereotypes.
The evolution of masculinity
which was regionally confined
historically, has crossed
geographical boundaries as a
result of globalization.

Figure: Appropriation of cowboy

culture in a Indian movie11

Contemporary Masculinity

Masculinity changing its

role in the contemporary
society.
This may lead to
hegemonic and complicit
masculinity crisis.

References

Joan E. Grusec, Paul D. Hastings, Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research.

Maurice Berger, Brian Wallis, Simon Watson, Constructing Masculinity
Mike Donaldson (1993), What is Hegemonic Masculinity? , University of Wollongong.
Retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au
Image retrieved from http://deekshajshetty.blogspot.in/
Image retrieved from http://mapyours0ul.tumblr.com/page/2
Hegemonic Masculinity.(n.d.).Retrieved from Wikipedia: www.wikipedia.org
R. W. Connell, Gender Hierarchy in Society, retrieved from
http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/Complicit%20masculinity
Image retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/pourettejones/ch3-powerpoint
Dr. Snow, The Role of Parents in Gender Socialization, Slippery rock university of
Pennsylvania,
http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Role-Of-Parents-In-Gender-53578331.html

https://onetwobucklemyshoes.wordpress.com/2012/07/20/is-this-what-disney-really-t
aught-us/
Image retrieved from
http://ayaskantam.com/2011/06/megastar-chiranjeevi-in-cowboy-getup-rare-pic/
Image retrieved from
http://media.dmnews.com/images/2013/03/27/hautelook_gender_buying_stats_36015
1.jpg
Image retrieved from
http://media.dmnews.com/images/2013/03/27/onlineschoolscom_modern_dads_3601
55.jpg