REPRODUCTIVE AND

THERAPEUTIC
CLONING
Paul Kubler, Emily Kontra, Emily
Turturici
Cloning Terms
 Oocyte
 unfertilized egg
 Zygote
 -recently fertilize , first stage of an individual

 Differentiation
 Cells specialize and always remain the same kind
 Keeps cells from becoming a blob of unspecialized
 turns zygotes into animals
 Nuclear transfer
 2 step process
 Nucleus removed to create enucleated oocyte which will not divide or differentiate
 new nucleus put into the enucleated oocyte
 New cells act like zygotes by dividing and differentiating just like a normal embryo
 Cell cycle
 Cell divides into two daughter cells which both live, eat, grow, copy their genetic
material
 Divide again producing two more daughter cells
 Happens again and again

 Quiescent
 Cell which has left the cycle( has stopped dividing)
 M ay return to the cycle later or remain forever

 Tissue culture
 Artificial situation used to grow large number of cells in bottles
 Allows scientists to fiddle and alter characteristics

DNA Cloning
 Circa 1970’s and common in biology labs today
 DNA from one organism transferred to a self
replicating element, DNA can be bred in a
foreign host cell
 Scientists multiply genes and other pieces of
chromosomes for identical material for further
study
 advances in stem cell research allow scientists
to regenerate virtually any tissue in the body
(Sorry, you’re soul just died)
 
 (Human Genome Project)




 Related Technologies
 Gene therapy
 Virus vectors that carry corrected
copies of faulty genes introduced
into host organism cells to treat Genome Sequencing
certain genetic conditions
 Genetically Modified Foods and
Oraganisms
 Genes from different organisms that
improve taste and nutritional
value or provide resistance to
particular types of disease can
be used to genetically engineer
food crops
 Genome sequencing
 Fragments of chromosomal DNA must be
inserted into different cloning
vectors to generate fragments of
an appropriate size for
sequencing.

 (Human Genome Project)
Cloning Process
 Cloning-an umbrella term
traditionally used by
scientists to describe
different processes for
duplicating biological material
(Human Genome Project)
 Bacteria most often used as the
host cells for recombinant DNA
molecules, but yeast and
mammalian cells also are used
 DNA fragment with gene of interest
isolated from the chromosomal
DNA and united with a plasmid
 Chromosomal DNA fragment joined
with its cloning vector
(recombinant DNA molecule)
 Then able to be reproduced along
with the host cell DNA
 (Human Genome Project)
Reproductive Cloning

 Animal with same nuclear DNA as existing or previously

existing animal created
 Dolly the sheep
 Not an identical clone of the donor animal
 Same nuclear DNA as donor
 Some genetic materials come from the mitochondria in the
cytoplasm of the enucleated egg
 Expensive and ineffective, likely to remain so for the
foreseeable future (Don’t Clone Humans)
 With improvement:
 Clones can be used to study human disease
 Efficient ways to reproduce specially qualified animals can be
reliably developed
 Repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to
breed 
 (Human Genome Project)
The Reproductive Cloning
Process
 Known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
 Genetic material from donor adult cell
transferred from nucleus to egg with
removed nucleus
 Reconstructed egg with donor cell DNA treated
with chemicals or electric current to
stimulate cell division
 Cloned embryo transferred to uterus of host
to continue development until birth
 (Human Genome Project)

Creation of Dolly the Sheep
 Scottish Blackface ewe ooctye
removed from nucleus
 Nucleus from quiescent mammary
cell injected into enucleated
ooctye
 Tiny electric pulse used to fuse
enucleated ooctye cytoplasm
with the new nucleus and kick
start cells into dividing
 New fused cell transferred into
the reproductive chamber of a
blackface ewe
 Process repeated 276 time
 After 148 days, Dolly was born
 Since birth, successful cloning
has been reported in mice,
cattle, goats, and pigs
 (The Cloning of Dolly)


Therapeutic Cloning
 Also called "embryo cloning”
 Produces human embryos for research in human
development and disease treatment
 animal genes have been added to certain
embryos to increase their physical endurance
or resistance to disease (Sorry, you’re soul
just died)
 Not meant to clone human beings
 Someday will produce whole organs from single
cell or healthy cells to replace damaged in
degenerative diseases (Sorry, you’re soul
just died)
Therapeutic Cloning Process
 Stem cells can be used to generate
virtually any type of specialized cell
in the human body
 Stem cells extracted from blastocyst
 Extraction process destroys the embryo
 Researchers hope stem cells can one day
serve as replacements cells for organ
transplant and to treat: heart disease,
Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases
 Results have limited success
Powerpoint Citations
 Stem cell picture-
http://hsb.iitm.ac.in/~jm/ARCHIVES/July-Aug05/art
 Organ picture-
http://www.pycomall.com/images/P/organ.jpg
 Cloning terms-
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes
 Scientist-
http://blog.lib.umn.edu/zerot001/architecture/s
cientist.gif
 DNA-
http://puesoccurrences.files.wordpress.com/20
09/07/dna_500.jpg
Pamphlet Citations
 http://robby.nstemp.com/about.html
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/t
ech/cloning/whyclone/
http://www.shiftwits.com/pros-and-cons-
of-human-cloning/
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pros-
and-cons-of-cloning.html
http://www.clonesafety.org/cloning/facts
/process/
Pamphlet Picture Citations
 http://sirenschronicles.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/49dossier97.jpg
http://clonning.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/human_cloning.jpg
http://www.clonesafety.org/cloning/facts/process/
http://www.millerandlevine.com/cloning/dolly-fig-13-13.jpg
http://images.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_QqyrPAPvIxc/SbX6VyeQvCI/AAAAAAAA
ApQ/x3ASqpziMfk/s320/human_cloning.png&imgrefurl=http://www.rightkl
ik.net/2009/03/stem-cell-research-and-
cloning.html&usg=__g5ftIE2gm6okZbPE4MWufuKdGZ4=&h=266&w=253
&sz=141&hl=en&start=156&sig2=MQEoR4BatJBPR5Obw6Tk5w&um=1&
tbnid=-IY_BLmAZYYahM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq
%3Dcloning%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26client
%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official
%26sa%3DN%26start%3D140%26um
%3D1&ei=_RDdSsjmIJWkMKubjfMN&safe=active
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rk6VXqa3IMU/SROFUYqjJ_I/AAAAAAAAAQo/yGq
nSQEsr1w/s400/dolly+the+sheep.jpg
http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/06/0604_decade_of_disappointme
nts/image/cloning_getty.jpg
http://clonning.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/human_cloning.jpg
http://www.cairns.com.au/images/uploadedfiles/editorial/pictures/2008/05
/30/tropical-fruit.jpg