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Kultur Dokumente
Cont.
INNATE IMMUNITY
Rapid responses to a
broad range of microbes
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Slower responses to
specific microbes
Invading
microbes
(pathogens)
Skin
Phagocytic cells
Humoral response
Mucous membranes Antimicrobial peptides (antibodies)
Secretions
Inflammatory response
Cell-mediated response
Natural killer cells
(cytotoxic
lymphocytes)
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity
Functions of the
adaptive immune
system
Adaptive immune
system
Adaptive immune
system
Humoral, or antibody-mediated (B
Cell) immunity
II. Cellular, or cell-mediated (T Cell)
immunity
Antigens
1. Foreign substances
Mainly proteins, often microorganisms and their
toxins
3. Human tissue
Organ transplants, tissue grafts, incompatible
blood types during a transfusion
4. Autoimmune diseases
Tissue from the persons own body becomes an
antigen
Antigen presenting
cells (APCs)
LNGERHANS CELLS
LNGERHANS CELLS
LC: Antigen
presentation
Changes of LCs
during migration
:
a) Molecules involved in antigen uptake as Birbeck granules,
Fc receptors
b) Molecules mediating the attachment to neighboring
keratinocytes ( E-Cadherins).
:
c) Expression of receptors involved in tissue homing at the
lymph nodes as CD44.
d) Surface molecules necessary for antigen presentation and
T cell priming as MHC class I, MHC class II, CD40, CD54,
CD58, CD80, CD86.
e) Type IV collagenase enable their penetration through the
basement membrane.
f) Their dendricity becomes more pronounced.
Ag Presentation to
T-Cells
Ag Presentation to
T-Cells
MHC
TYPES OF AP to Tcells
1. Exogenous antigens:
are engulfed by the APC, processed and
presented in association with MHC II.
2. Endogenous antigens:
(VIRUS AND TUMOURS) are processed and
presented in association with MHC I
lymphocytes
T cells
Types of T cells
1. Immature T cells:
Express both CD4 and CD8 molecules.
2. Mature T cells:
Later with the development of the T-cell
receptor (TCR), they either express:
a)CD4 and become T helper cell that binds
antigens in MHCII
b)CD8 molecule and becomes T cytotoxic
cell that binds antigens on MHCI.
The T-CELL
RECEPTOR (TCR)
/ T-cells
TCR
TCR SIGNALLING
Costimulatory
molecules
Costimulatory
molecules
CLONAL
EXPANSION
Criteria of Skin T
cells
Majority are:
In the dermis.
CD4 OR CD8.
/ TCR.
memory phenotype CD45RO+/CD45RA Skin homing receptor CLA(cutaneous
lymphocyte associated antigen).
Memory T cells
Effector T cell
function
T helper response
Differentiation from
Th0 mediated by
Secretes
Mediates
IL-12
a) IL-2: stimulates
both Th and Tc
proliferation.
b) IFN GAMMA:
activates
macrophages and
NK cells and IL-12.
CELL MEDIATED
RESPONSE
IL-4
a) IL-4: Stimulates B
cells to produce IgE
and stimulates
further Th 2
response and
inhibits Th1
response.
b) IL-5: promotes
eosinophil growth.
c) IL-10: inhibits Th1
response
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Th1/Th2 decision
Th3 cells
Regulatory T cells
(Tregs)
CD4 + T cells.
Secretes large amounts of IL-10.
Suppressor effect on both immune
responses.
Produced by immature inactive
dendritic cells.
Important for TOLERANCE towards self
antigens and regulating inflammation.
Cytotoxic T cells
(CD8+ T
cells)
Direct killing of the organism or the abnormal or infected cells.
The B lymphocyte (B
cells)
B-cell
response
Antigens
reorganization
Activation signals
T cell
B cell
Processed form
Native form
in the context of an
MHC
Th1
Th2
Plasma cells
Immunological Memory
Immunological Memory
Antibodies
Antibodies (or immunoglobulin, Ig), are large Yshaped proteins used by the immune system to
identify and neutralize foreign objects.
In mammals there are five types of antibody: IgA,
IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, differing in biological
properties, each has evolved to handle different
kinds of antigens.
Heavy chains: The heavy chains of a given
antibody molecule determine the class of that
antibody: IgM( ), IgG( ), IgA( ), IgD( ), or IgE( ).
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulin D
Mechanisms of Antibody
Action
Functions of
antibodies
Trigger
(Pathogenassociated molecular
pattern)
Specific antigens
Action
Min to hours
Days to weeks
PRR (Pattern
Receptors
recognition receptor)
Memory
Communication
No
Effectors
TCR, BCR
as TLR
Yes
Cytokines
Complement
Antigen presentation
Phagocytosis
Complement
Antigen presentation
Antibodies
Cytotoxicity
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity
An allergic reaction.
An exaggerated response.
Tissue destruction occurs as a
result of the immune response.
Four main types.
Type I Hypersensitivity
Immediate (Anaphylactic
type)
Type I Hypersensitivity
When a specific antigen binds to mast cellbound IgE, the FcRI becomes activated,
which leads to degranulation and release of
preformed mediators, including:
1. Histamine
2. Bradykinin
3. Serotonin.
4. Prostaglandins
5. Leukotrienes (B4, C4, D4 and E4),
6. Platelet activating factor
They enhance
i. vascular permeability
ii. bronchoconstriction
iii. induction of an inflammatory
response
Type II
Hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic type (Sub acute
type)
Type III
Hypersensitivity
Immune
complex type (serum sickness,
SLE)
(Also
a Subare
acute
Immune
complexes
formedtype)
between
microorganisms and antibody in circulating
blood.
These complexes leave the blood and are
deposited in body tissues, where they cause
an acute inflammatory response.
Tissue
destruction
occurs
following
phagocytosis by neutrophils.
Type IV
Hypersensitivity Cellmediated
type
(delayed)
T lymphocytes
that previously have
been introduced to an antigen cause
damage to tissue cells or recruit
other cells.
Responsible for the rejection of
tissue grafts and transplanted
organs
Allergic contact dermatitis.
Autoimmune Diseases
References