Estimating Stress Concentration

The stress analysis process for fatigue is highly

dependent

on

concentrations

stress
for

concentrations.

shoulders

and

Stress

keyways

are

dependent on size specifications that are not known

the first time through the process. Fortunately, since
these elements are usually of standard proportions, it is
possible to estimate the stress-concentration factors
for

initial

design

concentrations

will

of
be

the

shaft.

fine-tuned

These
in

stress

successive

iterations, once the details are known.

The following table, Table 7-1, summarizes some
typical stress-concentration factors for the first
iteration in the design of a shaft.
1

Table 7-1 First Iteration Estimates for

Stress-Concentration Factors Kt and Kts.

In cases where the shoulder at the bearing is found

to be critical, the designer should plan to select a
bearing with generous fillet radius, or consider
providing for a larger fillet radius on the shaft by
relieving it into the base of the shoulder as shown in
Fig. 73.
2

Figure 7-3 Techniques for reducing stress concentration at a

shoulder supporting a bearing with a sharp radius.
(a) Large radius undercut
into the shoulder. (b) Large radius relief groove into the back of
the shoulder. (c) Large radius relief groove into the small diameter

Example 7-2

Deflection Considerations
Deflection analysis at even a single point of interest
requires complete geometry information for the
entire shaft. For this reason, it is desirable to design
the dimensions at critical locations to handle the
stresses, and fill in reasonable estimates for all other
dimensions, before performing a deflection analysis.
Deflection of the shaft, both linear and angular,
should be checked at gears and bearings
As a rough guideline, typical ranges for maximum
slopes and transverse deflections of the shaft
centerline are given in Table 72.

Table 7-2 Typical Maximum

Transverse Deflections

Ranges

for

Slopes

and

 A deflection analysis is straightforward, but it is

lengthy and tedious to carry out manually,
particularly
for
multiple
points of
interest.
Consequently, practically all shaft deflection analysis
will be evaluated with the assistance of software.

Special-purpose software solutions for 3-D shaft

analysis

are available, but somewhat expensive if only

used occasionally.

Software requiring very little training is readily

available for planar beam analysis, and can be
downloaded from the internet.

Once deflections at various points have been

determined, if any value is larger than the allowable
deflection at that point, since I is proportional to d4, a
new diameter can be found from

Where yall is the allowable deflection at that station and

nd is the design factor. Similarly, if any slope is larger
than the allowable slope all, a new diameter can be
found from

Where (slope)all is the allowable slope. As a result of

these calculations, determine the largest dnew/dold ratio,
then multiply all diameters by this ratio.
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Surface Factor ka

Where Sut is the minimum

b tensile strength and a
k a aS ut
and b found in Table 6-2

16

Size Factor kb
(4)

For axial loading there is no size effect, so

Kb=1.0
Solution : on bord

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Homework
Problem 7-3, textbook page 401

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Limits and fits of the shafts

please refer to mech 211
course

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