Environmental Systems

And
Integration
Roger Coates

Basic
Principles

100
80

Ambient temperature F

60

Hot Day

20
0

Standard Day

-20
- 40

Cold Day

- 60
- 80
-100
- 120

10
20
30
Altitude, thousands of feet

40

 Dry-Bulb Temperature
Air temperature registered by an ordinary
thermometer
Wet-Bulb Temperature
Air temperature registered by a thermometer when its
bulb is covered by a wet wick and exposed to a current
of rapidly moving air
Dew-Point Temperature
The temperature to which air must be reduced in order
to cause condensation of any of its vapour

 Specific Humidity
The ratio of the weight of water vapour to the weight
of dry air in the mixture, expressed as either pounds
or grains of moisture per pound of dry air.
Absolute Humidity
The weight of water vapour oer unit volume of air,
expressed as either pounds or grains of moisture per
cubic foot.
Relative Humidity
The ratio of the partial pressure of the water vapour in
the mixture to the saturate partial pressure at the dry
bulb temperature, expressed as a percentage.

Temperature
Is the property which determines the direction if of flow
of heat between the object and its surroundings

C - 0
F - 32
C
F - 32

100 - 0
212 - 32
100
180

5
9

centigrade = 5/9 * ( fahrenheit - 32)

fahrenheit = 9/5 * centigrade + 32

Copper

Constantan

Indicator

Simple Thermocouple Unit

Ice Bath

Transfer of Heat

Heat, is a form of energy.

This energy continues to exist regardless of its form

or location.

Heat will flow from an object having a certain level

of energy into an object having a lower level.

Any material that allows this transfer easily is said to

be a conductor of heat.

Any material that blocks or impedes the transfer is

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

It can be transformed, or moved from one place or
one material to another.

Units of Heat

Units of Heat

Addition of ONE Btu of heat

Heat
Transfer
Convection

Is the circular motion of a

material medium carrying
heat energy from place to
place , such as hot water
steam or heated air.

Heat
Transfer
Conduction
The transfer of heat energy
from particle to particle
within a substance

Heat
Radiation
The amount of energy
Transfer
Energy travels outward
which is radiated is a
from a body in the form
of wave motion.

function of the
temperature

Specific Heat
Imperial Units
The heat energy (Btus)
required to raise the
temperature of one pound of
a substance one degree (F).
Metric Units
The heat energy (Calories)
required to raise the
temperature of one Kg of a
substance one degree. (C)

Substance

Specific Heat

Water

1.0

Ice

0.50

Alcohol

0.59

Aluminium

0.22

Copper

0.093

Iron

0.11

Silver

0.056

Lead

0.031

Platinum

0.032

Mercury

0.033

Sensible Heat

Latent Heat

Heat applied to a cake of

ice adds latent heat,
causing the ice to change
in state from a solid to a
liquid.
The liquid remains at the
same 0C temperature as
the ice.

If heat is now applied

to the 0C liquid, the
liquid absorbs
sensible heat, rising
in temperature to
100C without
changing in state.

Continued application of
heat after the liquid reaches
100C adds latent heat
causing a change in state
from a liquid to a vapour.
The temperature of the
vapour remains at 100C

Vapourisation

Heat of Fusion

Heat of
Vapourisation

Pressure

Effect of Pressure
on Change of State

Humidity

Humidity

Humidity