Phsy Powerpoint 6

Chapter 6
Formation of Planetary Systems:

Our Solar System and Beyond
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System

Our goals for learning:
What does the solar system look like?
The solar system exhibits clear patterns of composition and

motion.
These patterns are far more important and interesting than
numbers, names, and other trivia.
Planets are very tiny

compared to
distances between
them.
Sun
Over 99.9% of solar systems mass

Made mostly of H/He gas (plasma)
Converts 4 million tons of mass into energy each second
Mercury
Made of metal and rock; large iron core

Desolate, cratered; long, tall, steep cliffs
Very hot and very cold: 425C (day), 170C (night)
Venus
Nearly identical in size to Earth; surface hidden by clouds

Hellish conditions due to an extreme greenhouse effect
Even hotter than Mercury: 470C, day and night
Earth
Earth and
Moon to scale
An oasis of life
The only surface liquid water in the solar system
A surprisingly large moon
Mars
Looks almost Earth-like, but dont go without a spacesuit!

Giant volcanoes, a huge canyon, polar caps, and more
Water flowed in the distant past; could there have been
life?
Jupiter
Much farther
from Sun than
inner planets
Mostly H/He;
no solid surface
300 times more
massive than
Earth
Many moons,
rings
Jupiters moons
can be as
interesting as
planets
themselves,
especially
Jupiters four
Galilean moons.
Io (shown here): Active volcanoes all over
Europa: Possible subsurface ocean
Ganymede: Largest moon in solar system
Callisto: A large, cratered ice ball
Saturn
Insert ECP 5e Figure 6.8
Main image only
Giant and gaseous like Jupiter

Spectacular rings
Many moons, including cloudy Titan
Cassini spacecraft currently studying it
Rings are
NOT solid;
they are made
of countless
small chunks
of ice and
rock, each
orbiting like a
tiny moon.
Artists conception
The Rings of Saturn
Cassini probe arrived in July 2004 (launched in

1997).
Uranus
Smaller than
Jupiter/Saturn;
much larger than
Earth
Made of H/He gas
and hydrogen
compounds (H2O,
NH3, CH4)
Extreme axis tilt
Moons and rings
Neptune
Similar to Uranus
(except for axis
tilt)
Many moons
(including Triton)
Pluto and Other Dwarf Planets
Much smaller than other planets

Icy, comet-like composition
Plutos moon Charon is similar in size to Pluto
6.2 Clues to the Formation of Our Solar

System
What features of our solar system provide
clues to how it formed?
What theory best explains the features of
our solar system?
What features of our solar system

provide clues to how it formed?
Motion of Large Bodies

All large bodies
in the solar
system orbit in
the same
direction and in
nearly the same
plane.
Most also rotate
in that direction.
Two Major Planet Types

Terrestrial
planets are
rocky, relatively
small, and close
to the Sun.
Jovian planets
are gaseous,
larger, and
farther from the
Sun.
Swarms of Smaller Bodies

Many rocky
asteroids and
icy comets
populate the
solar system.
Notable Exceptions
Several
exceptions to
normal patterns
need to be
explained.
What theory best explains the

features of our solar system?
According to the
nebular theory, our
solar system formed
from a giant cloud of
interstellar gas.
(nebula = cloud)
6.3 The Birth of the Solar System

Where did the solar system come from?
What caused the orderly patterns of motion
in our solar system?
Where did the solar system come from?
Galactic Recycling
Elements that
formed planets
were made in
stars and then
recycled through
interstellar
space.
Evidence from Other Gas Clouds

We can see
stars forming
in other
interstellar gas
clouds, lending
support to the
nebular theory.
What caused the orderly patterns

of motion in our solar system?
Orbital and Rotational Properties of the Planets

Conservation of Angular Momentum
The rotation speed of the cloud from which

our solar system formed must have
increased as the cloud contracted.
Rotation of a
contracting
cloud speeds
up for the same
reason a skater
speeds up as
she pulls in her
arms.
Collapse of the Solar Nebula

Flattening
Collisions between particles in the cloud

caused it to flatten into a disk.
Collisions
between gas
particles in a
cloud
gradually
reduce random
motions.
Formation of Circular Orbits

Collisions
between gas
particles also
reduce up
and down
motions.
Why Does the Disk Flatten?

The spinning
cloud
flattens as it
shrinks.
Formation of the Protoplanetary Disk

Disks Around Other Stars
Observations of disks around other stars

support the nebular hypothesis.
6.4 The Formation of Planets

Why are there two major types of planets?
Where did asteroids and comets come
from?
How do we explain the existence of our
Moon and other exceptions to the rules?
When did the planets form?
Why are there two major types of

planets?
Conservation
of Energy
As gravity
causes the
cloud to
contract, it
heats up.
Collapse of the Solar Nebula

Inner parts of
the disk are
hotter than
outer parts.
Rock can be
solid at much
higher
temperatures
than ice.
Temperature Distribution of the Disk and the Frost Line
Inside the frost line: Too hot for hydrogen compounds to form ices
Outside the frost line: Cold enough for ices to form
Formation of Terrestrial Planets
Small particles of rock and metal were

present inside the frost line.
Planetesimals of rock and metal built up
as these particles collided.
Gravity eventually assembled these
planetesimals into terrestrial planets.
Tiny solid
particles stick
to form
planetesimals.
Summary of the Condensates in the Protoplanetary Disk

Gravity draws
planetesimals
together to form
planets.
This process of
assembly
is called
accretion.
Summary of the Condensates in the Protoplanetary Disk

Accretion of Planetesimals
Many smaller
objects collected
into just a few
large ones.
Formation of Jovian Planets
Ice could also form small particles outside the

frost line.
Larger planetesimals and planets were able to
form.
The gravity of these larger planets was able to
draw in surrounding H and He gases.
The gravity of
rock and ice
in jovian
planets draws
in H and He
gases.
Nebular Capture and the Formation of the Jovian Planets

Moons of jovian planets form in miniature disks.

Radiation and
outflowing
matter from
the Sunthe
solar wind
blew away
the leftover
gases.
The Solar Wind

Where did asteroids and comets

come from?
Asteroids and Comets
Leftovers from
the accretion
process
Rocky
asteroids inside
frost line
Icy comets
outside frost
line
Heavy Bombardment
Leftover
planetesimals
bombarded
other objects
in the late
stages of solar
system
formation.
Origin of Earths Water

Water may
have come to
Earth by way
of icy
planetesimals
from the outer
solar system.
How do we explain the existence

of our Moon and other
exceptions to the rules?
Captured Moons
The unusual moons of some planets may

be captured planetesimals.
Giant Impact
Giant impact stripped matter from Earths crust.
Stripped matter began to orbit
then accreted into the Moon.
Odd Rotation
Giant impacts
might also
explain the
different
rotation axes
of some
planets.
Review of the
nebular theory
Thought Question
How would the solar system be different if the solar
nebula had cooled with a temperature half its current
value?
A. Jovian planets would have formed closer to
the Sun.
B. There would be no asteroids.
C. There would be no comets.
D. Terrestrial planets would be larger.
Thought Question
Which of these facts is NOT explained by the
nebular theory?
A. There are two main types of planets: terrestrial and
jovian.
B. Planets orbit in the same direction and plane.
C. Asteroids and comets exist.
D. There are four terrestrial and four jovian
planets.
When did the planets form?
We cannot find the age of a planet, but we

can find the ages of the rocks that make it
up.
We can determine the age of a rock
through careful analysis of the proportions
of various atoms and isotopes within it.
Radioactive Decay
Some isotopes
decay into
other nuclei.
A half-life is
the time for
half the nuclei
in a substance
to decay.
Thought Question
Suppose you find a rock originally made of
potassium-40, half of which decays into argon-40
every 1.25 billion years. You open the rock and find
15 atoms of argon-40 for every atom of potassium-40.
How long ago did the rock form?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1.25 billion years ago

5 billion years ago
Dating the Solar System

Age dating of
meteorites that are
unchanged since they
condensed and
accreted tells us that
the solar system is
about 4.6 billion
years old.
Dating the Solar System
Radiometric dating tells us that the oldest

moon rocks are 4.4 billion years old.
The oldest meteorites are 4.55 billion
years old.
Planets probably formed 4.5 billion years
ago.
6.5 Other Planetary Systems

How do we detect planets around other
stars?
How do extrasolar planets compare with
those in our solar system?
Do we need to modify our theory of solar
system formation?
How do we detect planets

around other stars?
Planet Detection
Direct: Pictures or spectra of the planets
themselves
Indirect: Measurements of stellar
properties revealing the effects of orbiting
planets
Gravitational Tugs
The Sun and Jupiter
orbit around their
common center of
mass.
The Sun therefore
wobbles around that
center of mass with
the same period as
Jupiter.
Gravitational Tugs
Suns motion around
solar systems center
of mass depends on
tugs from all the
planets.
Astronomers who
measured this motion
around other stars
could determine
masses and orbits of
all the planets.
Astrometric Technique
We can detect planets
by measuring the
change in a stars
position in the sky.
However, these tiny
motions are very
difficult to measure
(~0.001 arcsecond).
Doppler Technique
Measuring a stars
Doppler shift can tell
us its motion toward
and away from us.
Current techniques
can measure motions
as small as 1 m/s
(walking speed!).
First Extrasolar Planet Detected

Doppler shifts of star
51 Pegasi indirectly
reveal planet with 4day orbital period
Short period means
small orbital distance
First extrasolar planet
to be discovered
(1995)
First Extrasolar Planet Detected
The planet around 51 Pegasi has a mass similar to

Jupiters, despite its small orbital distance.
Thought Question
Suppose you found a star with the same mass as
the Sun moving back and forth with a period of
16 months. What could you conclude?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It has a planet orbiting at less than 1 AU.

It has a planet orbiting at greater than 1 AU.
It has a planet orbiting at exactly 1 AU.
It has a planet, but we do not have enough
information to know its orbital distance.
Transits and Eclipses
A transit is when a planet crosses in front of a star.

The resulting eclipse reduces the stars apparent brightness and
tells us the planets radius.
When there is no orbital tilt, an accurate measurement of planet
mass can be obtained.
Direct Detection
Special techniques for concentrating or eliminating

bright starlight are enabling the direct detection of
planets.
How do extrasolar planets compare

with those in our solar system?
Measurable Properties
Orbital period, distance, and shape
Planet mass, size, and density
Composition
Orbits of Extrasolar Planets

Most of the detected
planets have orbits
smaller than
Jupiters.
Planets at greater
distances are harder
to detect with the
Doppler technique.
Orbits of Extrasolar Planets

Most of the detected
planets have greater
mass than Jupiter.
Planets with smaller
masses are harder to
detect with the
Doppler technique.
Planets: Common or Rare?

More than one in ten stars examined so far
have turned out to have planets.
The others may still have smaller (Earthsized) planets that cannot be detected using
current techniques.
Surprising Characteristics
Some extrasolar planets have highly
elliptical orbits.
Some massive planets orbit very close to
their stars: hot Jupiters.
Hot Jupiters
Do we need to modify our theory

of solar system formation?
Revisiting the Nebular Theory

Nebular theory predicts that massive
Jupiter-like planets should not form inside
the frost line (at << 5 AU).
The discovery of hot Jupiters has forced a
reexamination of nebular theory.
Planetary migration or gravitational
encounters may explain hot Jupiters.
Planetary Migration
A young planets
motion can create
waves in a planetforming disk.
Models show that
matter in these waves
can tug on a planet,
causing its orbit to
migrate inward.
Gravitational Encounters
Close gravitational encounters between two
massive planets can eject one planet while
flinging the other into a highly elliptical
orbit.
Multiple close encounters with smaller
planetesimals can also cause inward
migration.
Thought Question
What happens in a gravitational encounter
that allows a planets orbit to move inward?
A. It transfers energy and angular momentum to
another object.
B. The gravity of the other object forces the planet
to move inward.
C. The planet gains mass from the other object,
causing its gravitational pull to become stronger.
Modifying the Nebular Theory

Observations of extrasolar planets have
shown that the nebular theory was
incomplete.
Effects like planet migration and
gravitational encounters might be more
important than previously thought.

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Chapter 6

Formation of Planetary Systems:

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What does the solar system look like?

The solar system exhibits clear patterns of composition and

What does the solar system look like?

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What does the solar system look like?

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What does the solar system look like?

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What does the solar system look like?

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Planets are very tiny

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Over 99.9% of solar systems mass

Made of metal and rock; large iron core

Nearly identical in size to Earth; surface hidden by clouds

Looks almost Earth-like, but dont go without a spacesuit!

Giant and gaseous like Jupiter

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cassini probe arrived in July 2004 (launched in

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pluto and Other Dwarf Planets

Much smaller than other planets

6.2 Clues to the Formation of Our Solar

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What features of our solar system

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Motion of Large Bodies

Two Major Planet Types

Swarms of Smaller Bodies

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What theory best explains the

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.3 The Birth of the Solar System

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where did the solar system come from?

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Evidence from Other Gas Clouds

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What caused the orderly patterns

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Orbital and Rotational Properties of the Planets

Conservation of Angular Momentum

The rotation speed of the cloud from which

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Collapse of the Solar Nebula

Collisions between particles in the cloud

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Formation of Circular Orbits

Why Does the Disk Flatten?

Formation of the Protoplanetary Disk

Disks Around Other Stars

Observations of disks around other stars

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.4 The Formation of Planets

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why are there two major types of