Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Idea
Bluetooth
History
1999:
Ericsson mobile
communications AB
reste denna sten till
minne av Harald
Bltand, som fick ge
sitt namn t en ny
teknologi fr trdls,
mobil kommunikation.
Inscription:
"Harald king executes these sepulchral
monuments after Gorm, his father and
Thyra, his mother. The Harald who won the
whole of Denmark and Norway and turned
the Danes to Christianity."
Btw: Bltand means of dark complexion
(not having a blue tooth)
Characteristics
2.4 GHz ISM band, 79 (23) RF channels, 1 MHz carrier spacing
Channel 0: 2402 MHz channel 78: 2480 MHz
G-FSK modulation, 1-100 mW transmit power
FEC (forward error correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex, pointto-point, circuit switched
Topology
Piconet
Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc
fashion
P
S
M
SB
S
P
M=Master
S=Slave
SB
P=Parked
SB=Standby
Forming a piconet
All devices in a piconet hop together
Addressing
Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit)
Parked Member Address (PMA, 8 bit)
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
Scatternet
Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common
master or slave devices
Piconets
(each with a
capacity of
720 kbit/s)
M
SB
M=Master
S=Slave
P=Parked
SB=Standby
S
P
SB
SB
S
NW apps.
vCal/vCard
TCP/UDP
OBEX
telephony apps.
AT modem
commands
IP
BNEP PPP
mgmnt. apps.
TCS BIN
SDP
Control
Host
Controller
Interface
fk+1
fk+2
fk+3
fk+4
fk+5
fk+6
M
t
fk
fk+3
fk+4
fk+5
fk+6
M
t
fk
fk+1
fk+6
M
t
Baseband
Piconet/channel definition
Low-level packet definition
Access code
Packet header
68(72)
54
0-2745
4
preamble
64
sync.
(4)
(trailer) AM address
bits
payload
type
flow
ARQN
SEQN
HEC
bits
audio (10)
HV2
audio (20)
HV3
DV
FEC (20)
FEC (10)
audio (30)
audio (10)
header (1)
payload (0-9)
2/3 FEC
CRC (2)
(bytes)
header (2)
DH3
header (2)
DM5
header (2)
DH5
header (2)
payload (0-339)
payload (0-17)
2/3 FEC
payload (0-27)
payload (0-121)
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
(bytes)
CRC (2)
2/3 FEC
payload (0-183)
payload (0-224)
payload (0-339)
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
2/3 FEC
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
payload (0-29)
3 slot
5 slot
SCO
Type
Payload User
Header Payload
[byte]
[byte]
FEC
CRC
Symmetric Asymmetric
max. Rate max. Rate [kbit/s]
[kbit/s]
Forward
Reverse
DM1
0-17
2/3
yes
108.8
108.8
108.8
DH1
0-27
no
yes
172.8
172.8
172.8
DM3
0-121
2/3
yes
258.1
387.2
54.4
DH3
0-183
no
yes
390.4
585.6
86.4
DM5
0-224
2/3
yes
286.7
477.8
36.3
DH5
0-339
no
yes
433.9
723.2
57.6
AUX1
0-29
no
no
185.6
185.6
185.6
HV1
na
10
1/3
no
64.0
HV2
na
20
2/3
no
64.0
HV3
na
30
no
no
64.0
DV
1D
64.0+57.6 D
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
ACL
f4
SCO
f6
f1
ACL
f8
f7
f5
SCO
f12
f9
ACL
f14
SCO
f18
f13
ACL
f20
f19
f17
f21
Robustness
Slow frequency hopping with hopping patterns determined by a master
Protection from interference on certain frequencies
Separation from other piconets (FH-CDMA)
Retransmission
Error in payload
(not header!)
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
NAK
ACK
detach
unconnected
inquiry
transmit
AMA
park
PMA
page
connected
AMA
hold
AMA
Standby: do nothing
Inquire: search for other devices
Page: connect to a specific device
Connected: participate in a piconet
sniff
AMA
connecting
active
low power
26.0 mA
26.0 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
15.5 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
4.0 mA
0.5 mA
0.6 mA
47.0 A
20.0 A
Group abstraction
Master
Slave
L2CAP
L2CAP
2
L2CAP
1 d d d d 1
baseband
signalling
Slave
baseband
ACL
connectionless
baseband
connection-oriented
0-65533
length
CID=2
PSM
payload
bytes
Connection-oriented PDU
2
0-65535
length
CID
payload
bytes
CID=1
bytes
One or more commands
code
ID
length
data
Security
User input (initialization)
PIN (1-16 byte)
Pairing
E2
E2
Authentication
E3
E3
Encryption
Keystream generator
payload key
Ciphering
payload key
Cipher data
Data
Data
OBEX
WAP
Profiles
Represent default solutions for a certain usage model
Vertical slice through the protocol stack
Basis for interoperability
Applications
Protocols
Profiles
Data rate
Synchronous, connection-oriented:
64 kbit/s
Asynchronous, connectionless
Transmission range
POS (Personal Operating Space)
up to 10 m
with special transceivers up to 100
m
Quality of Service
Security
Challenge/response (SAFER+),
hopping sequence
Availability
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Frequency
Guarantees, ARQ/FEC
Manageability
Depends on power-mode
Max. 2.56s, avg. 0.64s
802.15-3: High-Rate
802.15.3b:
802.15.3c:
Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will
be found in products later
Low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very
low complexity
Potential applications are sensors, interactive toys, smart badges, remote
controls, and home automation
Data rates of 20-250 kbit/s, latency down to 15 ms
Master-Slave or Peer-to-Peer operation
Up to 254 devices or 64516 simpler nodes
Support for critical latency devices, such as joysticks
CSMA/CA channel access (data centric), slotted (beacon) or unslotted
Automatic network establishment by the PAN coordinator
Dynamic device addressing, flexible addressing format
Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability
Power management to ensure low power consumption
16 channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, 10 channels in the 915 MHz US ISM
band and one channel in the European 868 MHz band
ZigBee
Relation to 802.15.4 similar to Bluetooth / 802.15.1
Pushed by Chipcon, ember, freescale (Motorola), Honeywell, Mitsubishi,
Motorola, Philips, Samsung
More than 150 members
802.15.4b:
Extensions, corrections, and clarifications regarding 802.15.4
Usage of new bands, more flexible security mechanisms
Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will be
found in products later
Radio-based PHY/MAC for use by license-exempt devices on a noninterfering basis in spectrum that is allocated to the TV Broadcast Service
Transmission range
Frequency
Security
Availability
10 ms bounded latency
Quality of Service
Manageability
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage: extended QoS support,
host/client and peer/peer, power
saving, security
Disadvantage: future uncertain due
to DECT-only devices plus
802.11a/b for data
Cost
Transmission range
Frequency
Security
Cost
Cheap: 10-50
N/A
Quality of Service
none
Manageability
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage: very low cost, large
experience, high volume available
Disadvantage: no QoS, crowded
ISM bands (particularly 27 and 433
MHz), typ. no Medium Access
Control, 418 MHz experiences
interference with TETRA
Availability
Transmission range
Passive: up to 3 m
Active: up to 30-100 m
Simultaneous detection of up to, e.g.,
256 tags, scanning of, e.g., 40 tags/s
Frequency
Quality of Service
Cost
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
none
Manageability
Security
Availability
Features
No line-of sight required (compared to, e.g., laser scanners)
RFID tags withstand difficult environmental conditions (sunlight, cold, frost,
dirt etc.)
Products available with read/write memory, smart-card capabilities
Categories
Passive RFID: operating power comes from the reader over the air which is
feasible up to distances of 3 m, low price (1)
Active RFID: battery powered, distances up to 100 m
Future Trends
RTLS: Real-Time Locating System big efforts to make total asset visibility
come true
Integration of RFID technology into the manufacturing, distribution and
logistics chain
Creation of electronic manifests at item or package level (embedded
inexpensive passive RFID tags)
3D tracking of children, patients
Read range up to 7m
Anticollision algorithm allows for scanning of 40 tags per second regardless
of the number of tags within the reading zone
US: unlicensed 915 MHz, Frequency Hopping
Read: 8 byte < 32 ms
Write: 1 byte < 100ms
ISO/TC204, www.sae.org/technicalcommittees/gits.htm,
www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ISOTC204.htm
ISO 15418
MH10.8.2 Data Identifiers
EAN.UCC Application Identifiers
OLD
NEW
Levels of interference
DIFS
DIFS
100
byte
802.15.1
79 channels
SIFS
ACK
DIFS
100
byte
(separated by
installation)
500 byte
SIFS
ACK
SIFS
ACK
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
DIFS
DIFS
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
500 byte
SIFS
ACK
DIFS
SIFS
ACK
DIFS
2402
100
byte
SIFS
ACK
500 byte
DIFS
DIFS
DIFS
f [MHz] Does not know anything about gaps, inter frame spacing etc.
802.11b
2480
3 channels
1000 byte
(separated by
hopping pattern)