Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
M Zachri Kadir
MOTOR BAKAR
(Combustion Engine)
INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINE
IGNITION
EXTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINE
WORKING CYCLE
(STROKE)
SPARK IGNITION
(MOTOR BENSIN/ OTTO)
COMPRESSION
IGNITION
(MOTOR DIESEL)
TURBIN GAS
4 STROKES
( 4 TAK )
TURBIN UAP
2 STROKES
( 2 TAK )
MESIN UAP
OTTO Engine
)
Diesel Engine
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Compression
Power
Intake &
Exhaust
Exhaust
valve
Intake
valve
Stroke
Bore
BDC
Equivalent by MEP
Equivalent
Wnet
MEP
Wnet
vmin
TDC
vmax v
BDC
vmin
vmax v
3
Pv
k
=
qin
wout
2
4
Pv k
=
TDC
win
v2=v3
v=
t.
ns
co
1
v1=v4
BDC
s1=s2
.
onst
v=c
qout
s3=s4
and
V
P2 v1
1 .............(6.18)
P1 v2
V2
( k 1) / k
k 1
v1
T2 P2
.....(6.19)
T1 P1
v2
Thermal efficiency
w
th net
qH
wnet 1 w 2 3 w 4
w Pdv
Cp
k
Pv c, k
Cv
P2 v2 P1v1
w
1 2
1 k
R T2 T1
1 w2
1 k
or ,
q
q
th 1 L 1 4 1
qH
2 q3
Mean Effective Pressure
wnet MEP(v1 v2 )
T2 v1
th,Otto 1
rv
Vmax
Vmin
k 1
v
3
v4
rvk 1
V
v
1 1
V2 v2
k 1
T4
T3
Questions
1. What is the difference between the clearance volume and the
displacement volume of reciprocating engines?
2. Define the compression ratio for reciprocating engines.
3. How is the mean effective pressure for reciprocating engines
defined?
4. Can the mean effective pressure of an automobile engine in
operation be less than the atmospheric pressure?
5. As a car gets older, will its compression ratio change? How
about the mean effective pressure?
6. What is the difference between spark-ignition and
compressionignition engines?
7. Define the following terms related to reciprocating engines:
stroke, bore, top dead center, and clearance volume.
Otto Cycle
1. What four processes make the ideal OTTO cycle?
2. How is the rpm (revolutions per minute) of an actual four-stroke.
gasoline engine related to the number of thermodynamic cycles?
What would your answer be for a two-stroke engine?
3.Are the processes which make up the Otto cycle analyzed as
closed-system or steady-flow processes? Why?
4. How does the thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle change with
the compression ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio of the
working fluid?
5. Why are high compression ratios not used in spark-ignition
engines?
6. An ideal Otto cycle with a specified compression ratio is executed
using (a) air, (b) argon, and (c) ethane as the working fluid. For which
case will the thermal efficiency be the highest? Why?
7. What is the difference between fuel-injected gasoline engines and
diesel engines?
3. Efficiencies.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (i) given by
i = IP/(mf . Qcv)
mf is the mass of fuel taken into the engine in kg/s
Qcv is the calorific value of the fuel in J/kg
Brake Thermal Efficiency (b) given by
b = BP/(mf . Qcv)
Indicated Relative Efficiency (i,r) given by
i,r = i/ASE
ASE is the efficiency of the corresponding air standard
cycle
Brake Relative Efficiency (b,r) given by
b,r = b/ASE
Mechanical Efficiency (m) given by
m = BP/IP = Pb/Pi = b/i = b,r/I,r
P M a F Qc
Volumetric Efficiency
Indicates air capacity of a 4 stroke engine. Given by
M
i
N
Vs i
2
2M
i
i Vs N
Mi is the mass flow rate of fresh mixture.
N is the engine speed in rev/unit time.
Vs is the piston displacement (swept volume).
i is the inlet density.
Volumetric Efficiency
Can be measured:
At the inlet port
Intake of the engine
Any suitable location in the intake manifold
If measured at the intake of the engine, it is
also called the overall volumetric
efficiency.
M
M
a
Va M a va
i Vi
a
i
Here a is the density of dry air or the mass of dry air per unit
volume of fresh mixture.
Thus, since
M
i
v
N
Vd i
2
v
M
a
N
Vd a
2
Also Vd = ApL
s = 2LN
L is the piston stroke and s is the piston
speed.
s
N
2L
2M
a
s
A p L a
2L
4M
a
a A ps
Measurement of Volumetric
Efficiency in Engines
The volumetric efficiency of an engine can be
evaluated at any given. set of operating
conditions provided M a and a can be
accurately measured.
Measurement of Air Flow
Airflow into the engine can be measured with
the help of a suitable airflow meter. The
fluctuations in the airflow can be reduced
with the help of surge tanks placed
between the engine and the airflow meter.
pi
pa pf p w
Since
Ro M a
pa Ta
29 Va
Mf
Ro
pf
Tf
mf
Vf
pw
Ro
Mw
Tw
18
Vw
Now Ta T f Tw Ti
Va V f V w
Hence
Ma
29
Mf
pa
Mw
pi M a
29 m f
18
pa
pi
1
M f 29 M w 29
1
M a m f M a 18
1
29
1 Fi
mf
1.6h
pa
29 pa
Now a
Ro
R
T
o
i
Ta
29
29 pi
Ro Ti
29
1 F
1.6h
i
m
f
M
a
29 p i A p s
R o Ti 4
M a
29 pi
Ro Ti
Ap s
29
1 Fi
1.6h
m
FQ
PM
a
c
and
4M
a
v
a A p s
1
P A p s v a F Q c
4
P
P
mep
V1 V2 V N
s
2
4P
Ap s
v a F Q c
Comparing Engines.
mep= work done per unit displacement volume
Or average pressure that results in the same amount
of indicated or brake work produced by the engine
Scales out effect of engine size
Two useful types: imep and bmep
imep: indicated mean effective pressure
-the net work per unit displacement volume done by the gas during
compression and expansion
bmep
4
Vd
BMEP
Based on torque:
4
bmep
Vd
(4 stroke)
2
bmep
Vd
(2
stroke)
Compare
Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc)
Measure of engine efficiency
They are in fact inversely related, so a lower
bsfc means a better engine
Often used over thermal efficiency because
an accepted universal definition of thermal
efficiency does not exist
m f
m f
bsfc
Wb 2 N
bsfc
m f
m f
W b 2 N
bsfc
bsfc is the fuel flow rate divided by the
brake power
m f
m f
bsfc
W b 2 N
Wb
1
m f qc
bsfc qc
Compare
Volumetric Efficiency, ev
The mass of fuel and air inducted into the cylinder
divided by the mass that would occupy the displaced
volume at the density i in the intake manifold
Note its a mass ratio and for a 4 stroke engine
2(m a m f )
ev
iVdN
For a direct injection engine
m f 0
maximumcylindervolume Vc Vd
minimumcylindervolume
Vc
Classification of unsteady-flow
engines
Clearance
volume
Displacement
volume
Piston at bottom
of travel
Bore
Stroke
Piston at top
of travel
Power tells you how fast you can climb the hill
Torque can be increased by transmission (e.g. 2:1 gear ratio
ideally multiplies torque by 2)
Power cant be increased by transmission; in fact because of
friction and other losses, power will decrease in transmission
Power really tells how fast you can accelerate or how fast you can
climb a hill, but power to torque ratio ~ N tells you what gear ratios
youll need to do the job
Indicated power = Wi,xN/n, where x could be net, gross, pumping and n = 2 for
4-stroke engine, n = 1 for 2 stroke engine (since 4-stroke needs 2 complete
revolutions of engine for one complete thermodynamic cycle as seen on P-V
diagram whereas 2-stroke needs only 1 revolution)
Ne
t
Girnodic
ss ai te
n
(+) ddicwaoter
kd wo
rk
(-)Pumping work
fuel
fuel
m
m
isfc
;bsfc
indicatedpower
brakepower
Specific fuel consumption (sfc) = (mdot fuel)/(Power)
th,i
1
1
;th,b
(isfc)QR
(bsfc)QR
Note also
Volumetric
efficiency indicates how well the engine breathes - what
lowers v below 100%?
Pressure drops in intake system (e.g. throttling) & intake valves
Temperature rise due to heating of air as it flows through intake system
Volume occupied by fuel
Non-ideal valve timing
Choking (air flow reaching speed of sound) in part of intake system having
smallest area (passing intake valves)
See figure on p. 217 of Heywood for good summary of all these effects
Workpercycle
(Power)n /N (Power)n
MEP
Mean
effective pressure (MEP)
cycle
Displacementvolume
Vd
Vd
Vd N
(Workpercycle)/m
MEP
intake (Workpercycle)/m
(Displacementvolume)/m
fuel QR )n
(Grossindicatedpower)n (th,i,g m
IMEP
V N
Vd N
air [ f /(1 f )]QR )n th,i,g (v air,ambientVd N /n)QR n f
(th,i,g m
Vd N
Vd N
1 f
Pambient
f
IMEPg th,i,gv fQR Pambient
th,i,gv QR
(1 f )
Pintake
RTambient Pintake
RTambient
1 f
Compression stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Piston travels from BDC to TDC
Temperature and pressure of air increase
Exhaust stroke
Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open
Piston moves from BDC to TDC
Combustion gases expelled
Power
Exhaust
Power stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
Piston forced from TDC to BDC
Power
(Intake/Exhaust)
Four-stroke advantages
More efficient burning process
As size increases, power-to-weight ratio
improves