My Topic

Significance
of t-test

introductio
n
What is t-test

Who invented t-test

What kind of t is it

What is t-test of significance

Why we use t-test

When we use t-test

Examples and Explanation.

Applications of t-test

What is t-test ?
A

t-test is used to determine whether a

set or sets of scores are from the same
population.
At-testis anystatistical hypothesis test
in which thetest statisticfollows a
Student'st-distributionif the
null hypothesisis supported.

Who invented t-test?

Thet-test is 107 years old.
Thetstatistic was introduced by
William Sealy Gosset
Gosset published thettest in
Biometrikain 1908, but was forced to
use apen nameby his employer who
regarded the fact that they were using
statistics as a trade secret. Hence, the
nameStudent'st-test.

What kind of t is it ?
Single

sample t we have only 1 group; want to test

against a hypothetical mean.
Independent samples t we have 2 means, 2 groups;
no relation between groups, e.g., people randomly
assigned to a single group.
Dependent t we have two means. Either same
people in both groups, or people are related, e.g.,
husband-wife, left hand-right hand, hospital patient
and visitor.

significance of t-test ?
A t-tests statistical
significance indicates
whether or not the
difference between two
groups averages most
likely reflects a real
difference in the
population from which the
groups were sampled.

Why we use t-test ?

A

test of whether the slope of a

regressionlinedifferssignificantly
from 0.

When we use t-test ?

An

independent samples t-test is used

when you want to compare the means of a
normally distributed interval dependent
variable for two independent groups. For
example, using thehsb2 data file, say we
wish to test whether the mean forwriteis
the same for males and females.

explanation
Example:

If we are analysing the heights of pine trees growing in two different

locations, a suitable null hypothesis would be that there is no
difference in height between the two locations. The student's t-test
will tell us if the data are consistent with this or depart significantly
from this expectation. [NB: the null hypothesis is simply something to
test against. We might wellexpect a differencebetween trees growing
in a cold, windy location and those in a warm, protected location, but
it would be difficult topredictthe scale of that difference - twice as
high? three times as high? So it is sensible to have a null hypothesis of
"no difference" and then to see if the data depart from this.

explanation
Solution:
List

the data for sample (or treatment) 1.

List the data for sample (or treatment) 2.
Record the number (n) of replicates for each sample (the number of
replicates for sample 1 being termedn1and the number for sample 2
being termedn2)
Calculate

mean of each sample

Calculates2for each sample; call theses12ands22[Note that actually
we are using S2as an estimate ofs2in each case]
. Calculate the variance of the difference between the two means (sd2)
as follows

explanation
Calculatesd(the
Calculate

Enter

square root ofsd2)

thetvalue as follows:

thet-tableat (n1+ n2-2) degrees of freedom;

choose the level of significance required (normallyp=
0.05) and read the tabulatedtvalue.

application
To

compare the mean of a sample with

population mean.
To compare the mean of one sample with
the mean of another independent
sample.
To compare between the value (reading)
of one sample but in two occasions.