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Chemical Bonding

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Chemical Bonds

• A strong attractive force that exists

between atoms in a molecule
• Formed due to the interaction of
electrons in the atoms
• Have 3 general types
• Ionic
• Covalent
• Metallic

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1.) How do atoms combine?

• Atoms combine by either transferring or
sharing electrons.

2.) What are valence electrons?

• Valence electrons are electrons found in
the outermost main energy level.

3.) What is the octet rule?

• It state that “atoms tend to gain, lose or
share electrons until they are surrounded
by eight valence electrons.
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4.) How many electrons must a sulfur atom gain

to achieve an octet in its shell?
• Since sulfur has 6 valence electrons, it needs
2 more electrons to achieve an octet.

5.) If an atom has the electronic configuration

1s22s22s5, how many electrons must it gain to
achieve an octet?
• From the last main energy level which is 2, it
already has the total of 7 valence electrons.
Therefore, it needs 1 more electron.

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Ionic Bond

• Electrons are completely transferred

from one atom to another
• Refers to the electrostatic forces that
exists between ions of opposite charges

Sodium
Chlorine
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Covalent Bonds

• Results from sharing of electrons

between two atoms
• Occurs between atoms that have similar
tendency for electrons
• Occurs commonly between nonmetals

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Metallic Bonds

• Found in metals where each atom is

bonded to several neighboring atoms

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Chemical Compounds

• Occurs due to the interaction of

atoms with one another
• Formed when two or more atoms are
bonded together

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Ionic Compounds

• Mostly crystalline solids at room

temperature
• Atoms/ions are arranged in repeating
three-dimensional patterns
• Has high melting and boiling points
• Nonconductors of electricity in solid states
but conducts electricity when dissolved in
water
• Has high solubility

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Ionic Compounds

Solids are usually made

up of positive ions
(cations) and negative
ions (anions)

Due to the interaction

of opposite charged
ions, they are arranged
in alternating fashion
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Covalent Compounds

• Has relatively low melting and boiling

point
• Solid covalent compounds are usually
soft or waxy or brittle and more easily
broken up
• Less soluble in water but are usually
soluble in one another
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity

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Covalent Compounds

Covalent compounds are

formed when atoms share
their electrons

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Metallic Compounds

• Have shiny luster; various colors, most

are silvery
• Solids are malleable and ductile
• Good conductors of heat and electricity

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Lewis Electron Dot
Structure
• Diagrams that show the bonding between atoms
• Named after Gilbert Lewis, introduced in his
article, The Atom and The Molecule
• Consists of the chemical symbol for the element
plus a dot for each valence electron
• Follows the octet rule:
• Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they
are surrounded by eight valence electrons.

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Rules in Writing LEDS

1. Write the atomic symbol of the element.

2. Count the number of valence electron in
the atom.
3. Distribute the electrons around the
atomic symbol by using dots.

4. The element with the highest covalency

number (number of covalent bonds
formed) is considered as the central
atom for covalent bonding.
5. Check if the octet rule is followed.
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9.) Write the Lewis Electron Dot Structure

for:
a.) Sr
b.) Cl
c.) N
d.) Li

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10.) How is the bonding in Cl2 different

from that in NaCl?

Cl2 is formed through sharing of electrons.

It is an example of covalent bonding.
NaCl is formed through transferring
electrons (losing and gaining). It is an
example of an ionic bonding.

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Other terms:

• Isoelectronic
• Ions having same number of electrons
• Multiple bonds
• Having two or more pairs of shared electrons
• Nonpolar covalent bonds
• Electrons are shared equally between two atoms
• Polar covalent bond
• One atom exerts a greater attraction for the
bonding electrons than the other
• Dipole moments
• Polarity of molecules where one part is partially
positive and the other is partially negative
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