CELL DIVISION

CHAPTER 5

5.1
Understanding the Mitosis
5.2
Understanding the Meiosis
5.3
The movement of
chromosomes
during
mitosis and meiosis

5.1MITOSIS
1. Cell division helps the body to produce new
cells in order to replace cells that are worn
out and damaged.
2. The continuous production of new cell for the
growth through a process called mitosis.
3. Mitosis involves nuclear division to
produce two daughter cell, each
containing the same number and genetically
identical chromosomes as the parent cell.
4. Mitosis occurs in all somatic cells ( all body
cell except the reproductive cell).

Significant of Mitosis
1.The number of chromosomes present
in each cell is constant for the
species. Example , a human cell has
46 chromosomes.
2.Somatic cell contain two set of
chromosomes, one set inherited from
each parent. These cells contain a
diploid number of chromosomes (2n).
For human (2n)=46.

3. Chromosomes exist in pairs. The

chromosomes in each pair have the same
structural features and are referred to as
the homologous chromosomes. Each
member of the pair is called a homologue.
4. Gametes contain only one set of
chromosomes or one of each pair of
chromosomes and are said to contain
haploid number of chromosomes.
5. Mitosis ensure that the new cell are
genetically identical to the chromosomal
number of the species.

The cell cycle

The cell cycle

It is the period that each cell undergoes
from the time the cell is produced until the
cell completes cell division.
The cell cycle can be divide into the
following phase:
i. G1 phase
Interphase
ii.S phase
iii.G2 phase
iv.M phase (Mitosis cell division)

Interphase
1.Interphase is the stage for cells to grow
larger and prepare for cell division.
2.Interphase is divided into three stages:
a)G1 phase (gap or growth phase 1)
i. The cell growth by producing proteins and
new cytoplasmic organelles.
ii.The chromosomes appear as thread-like
structures called chromatin.
b)S phase (DNA synthesis)
i. DNA is synthesised at this stage and
undergoes the replication process.

ii. Each duplicate DNA contains two

identical sister chromatids joined
together by centromeres.

c) G2 phase (gap or growth phase 2)

i. The cell continues to grow.
ii. The cell prepares for cell division.

The M phase
1.Cell division takes place in the M phase.
2.Consists of two parts:
i. Mitosis
ii. Cytokinesis
3.The nucleus divides during mitosis followed
by division of cytoplasm called cytoinesis.
4.Mitosis is divided into:
a)Prophase
b)Metaphase
c)Anaphase
d)telophase

Prophase
The chromosomes condense, that is the shorten
and thicken and finally becomes visible.
Each chromosomes consist of sister chromatids
attached at a point called the centromere.
The spindle fibres begin to form and extend
between the centrioles.
The nucleolus disappear, the nuclear membrane
breaks down/disintegrates.
centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
Centrioles are absent in plant cells.

Metaphase
The spindle fibres are fully formed.
All chromosomes are arranged with their
centromers along the equator of the
spindle.
Two sister chromatids are still attached at
the centromers.

Anaphase
Anaphase begins with the separation of
the centromers.
The sister chromatids are drawn to
opposite poles of the cell by contraction of
the spindle fibres.
Once the sister chromatids are separated
they are referred to as daughter
chromosomes.
Anaphase ends when the chromosomes
reach the two opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase
Telophase begins when the two sets of
daughter chromosomes have reached the
two poles of the cell.
The chromosomes appear as thread-like
structure (chromatin) and are not visible.
Spindle fibres disappear
A new nuclear membrane forms
The nucleolus reforms

Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasmic
division to form two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis usually begins before nuclear
division is completed.
Cleavage furrow
In animal cell, cytokinesis form
A groove called a cleavage
furrow.

 In plant cell cells, cytokinesis start with the

formation of cell plate at the equator of
the cell.
The vesicles fuse, producing the cell wall.
The cell plate extends outwards to the
existing cell wall, and separate the two
daughter cells.

The Importance of mitosis

To replace dead cell.
To repair or regenerate damaged
cells.
To increase the number of cells thus
allowing growth and development in
living organisms.
The basic of asexual reproduction in
unicellular organisms.

Uncontrolled mitosis in living things

What happen if the cells fail to divide or
begin to divide at the wrong time or even
divide uncontrollably?
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by
uncontrollably mitosis due to severe
disruption to mechanism that control the cell
cycle.
A tumor is a lump or growth of tissue made
up from abnormal cells.
Two type of tumor
a)Benign tumor
b)Malignant tumor

SPM 2005, PAPER 2

QUESTION 2

5.2 Meiosis

5.2

Meiosis

1. Process of nuclear division to produce four

daughter cells, each containing half the
number of chromosomes of the parent
cell.
2. The daughter cell recieves one set
chromosomes from each pair of
homologous chromosomes and is called a
haploid cell.
3. Gamates that are produces form meiosis
are haploid (n).
4. Parent cell that carries out meiosis is
diploid (2n).

5. The genetic materials in the gamates

differs from the parent cell and from
each other.
6. In animal and human meiosis occurs in
a) Testes in males to produce sperms
b) Ovaries in females to produce ovum
7. In plant meiosis occurs in
a) Anthers of flowers to produce male
gamates in pollen
b) Ovaries of flowers - to produce egg
cells in ovules

The significant of meiosis

a)To allow traits inheritances in offspring.
b)To maintain diploid number in each
generation.
c)To ensure the production of haploid
gamates in sexual reproduction .
d)To produce genetic variation among
offspring.

The process of Meiosis

1.Meiosis involves two nuclei division:
a)Meiosis I (the first meiotic division)
b)Meiosis II (the second meiotic
division)
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Prophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase I

Metaphase II

Anaphase I

Anaphase II

Telophase I

Telophase II

The Stages of Meiosis I

Interphase (same like Mitosis)

Prophase I
1.Chromosomes condense become shorter,
thicker and visible.
2.Each chromosomes consist two sister
chromatids.
3.Homologous chromosomes pair up through a
process called sinapsis.
4.Each pair of homologous chromosomes
consisting of four chromatids is called a
bivalent or a tetrad.
5.The non-sister chromatids
of homologous chromosomes
exchanges segments of DNA
in a process called crossing over.

6. The points where the chromatids cross

over are called Chiasmata. Crossing
over results in new combination of genes
and is an important sources of variation.
7. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane
dissapper.
8. The two pairs of centrioles which spindle
fibre radiate move to opposite poles.

Metaphase I
1.the chromosomes are line up side by
side as tetrads on the metaphase plate/
homologous chromosomes line up at
the equator of the cell.
2.Chromosomes of each pair is attached
to the spindle fibre.
3.Centromers does not
divide

Anaphase I
The chromosomes of each homologous
pair move to opposite poles of the cell.
Each chromosomes still consist of two
sister chromatids which move as a single
unit.
The spindle fibre pull the homologous
chromosomes apart.

Telophase I
1.The chromosomes fibres disappear arrive
at opposite poles of the cell.
2.Spindle fibre disappear
3.Nuclear membrane reforms
4.Nucleolus reappear
5.Cytokinesis occurs to produce two
haploid daughter cell
because the nucleus
contain only one set of
chromosomes.

 Meiosis II follows immediately after

cytokinesis
No Interphase (DNA replication does
not occur again and the chromosomes
remain in a condense state)
Meiosis II results in the separation of
sister chromatids

Prophase II
1.The nuclear membrane of the
daughter cells disintegrate again.
2.The spindle fibre reform in each
daughter cell.

Metaphase II
1.The chromosomes, each made up of
sister chromatids, line up at the
equator.
2.The sister chromatids of each
chromosomes face opposite poles.
3.Each sister chromatid is attached to the
spindle fibre at the centromers.

Anaphase II
The centromers separate.
The chromatids separate and move
face opposite of the cells.

Telophase II
1.Nucleoli and Nuclear membrane reform.
2.Spindle fibre break down.
3.Cytokinesis occur and produce four
daughter cell.
4.Each with half number of chromosomes as
the parent cell.

Similarities and Differences between

Mitosis and Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Aspect

Mitosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Place it occur

Somatic cell

Synapsis of
homologous
chromosomes

Does not
occur

Occurs during
prophase I

No synapsis

Crossing over
between non-sister
chromatids

Does not
occur

Occur during
Prophase I

No crossing
over

Number of
division

One

Number of
daughter cells

Number of
chromosomes

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)

Haploid (n)

Reproductive organs

One & Two

Aspect

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Occur once

Meiosis I

Meiosis II
Twice

Occur once
Genetic
content of
daughter cell

Occur once

All daughter
cell are
genetically
same as
parent cell

All daughter cell are genetically

different as parent cell

Anaphase

Sister
chromatids
split and move
towards
opposite poles

I- Homologous
chromosomes
separate and
move towards
opposite poles

II- sister
chromatids
split and move
towards
opposite poles

Metaphase

Sister
chromatids
Line up at the
equatorial
plate

I- Homologous
chromosomes
Line up at the
equatorial plate

II- sister
chromatids
Line up at the
equatorial
plate

5.3 Appreciating the movement of

Chromosomes during Mitosis
and Meiosis
Mutation
A sudden changes in structure,
arrangement or number of DNA in
the chromosome.

Downs syndrome
1.Has one extra chromosomes at
chromosomes 21.
2.Pairs of chromosomes do not separate
properly during meiosis which produce an
ovum containing 24 chromosomes.
3.Weak body resistances
4.Mental retarded
5.Typical facial
6.Slanting eyes
7.Shorter stature
8.Prone to disease
9.Shorter life.

Turners syndrome
1.Genetic disorder of women caused by the
absences of the second sex chromosomes.
2.22+ XO
3.Lack of ovaries and menstrual cycle
4.Women sterile
5.Lack secondary sexual
6.
characteristic
7.Short

Klinefelters syndrome
1.Genetic disorder affecting men
2.Extra X chromosomes so their sex
chromosomes are XXY
3.Underdeveloped testes
4.Infertility
5.Breast enlargement