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CAMLESS ENGINE .
CONTENTS :INTRODUCTION.
2. WORKING OF PUSH ROD ENGINE .
1.
INTRODUCTION
CAMS :1.The cam
2.
CAM SHAFT
The camshaft provides
a means of actuating
the opening and
controlling the period
before closing, both
for the inlet as well as
the exhaust valves.
It also provides a
drive for the ignition
distributor and the
mechanical fuel pump.
WORKING
When the crank shaft turn the cam shaft the cam
lobs come up under the valve lifter and cause the
lifter to move upwards. The upward push is carried
by the pushrods through the rocker arm. The rocker
arm is pushed by the pushrod, the other end moves
down. This pushes down on the valve stem and
cause it to move down thus opening the port.
When the cam lobe moves out from under the valve
lifter, the valve spring pulls the valve back upon its
seat. At the same time stem pushes up on the
rocker arm, forcing it to rock back. This pushes the
push rods and the valve lifter down, thus closing
the valve.
The timing of the engine is dependent on the shape
of the cam lobes and the rotational velocity of the
camshaft .
CRANK SHAFT
Crankshaft is the engine
component from which the
power is taken.
It receives the power from the
connecting rods in the
designated sequence for
onward transmission to the
clutch and subsequently to the
wheels.
CRANKSHAFT WORKING
4-cylinder 16-valve
DOHC engine
CAM IN A CONVENTIONAL
IC ENGINE
DISADVANTAGES :>
WORKING MODEL
CAMLESS ENGINE
OVER VIEW: To eliminate the cam , camshaft &
other connected mechanisms , the cam
less engine makes use of three vital
components, the sensors , ECU
(electronic control unit) & actuator .
component
sensor
s
ELECTRONIC
CONTROL
UNIT
ACTUATOR
OVER VIEW
The sensor will send signals to
ECU .
Electronic control unit (ECU) :-
> consists of a
microprocessor , which is provided
with a software algorithm .
SENSOR
A sensor (also called
detector) is a converter that
measures a physical quantity
and converts it into a signal
which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument.
Infrared
Thermocouple sensor
for high temperature
measurement
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
ECU
CHARACTERISTIC OF ECU
The air-fuel ratio of engine is
controlled with closed loop; therefore
the exhaust emission is clean.
It has idle speed control function, so
the idle working condition is more
stable.
It can dynamically control the
engine's spark advance angle and
dwell angle, so the mixed gas burns
completely.
It can cut off the fuel when coasting
ACTUATOR
An actuator is a type
of motor for moving
or controlling a
mechanism or
system.
It is operated by a
source of energy,
usually in the form
of an electric
current,
hydraulic fluid
pressure or
pneumatic pressure,
and converts that
energy into some
kind of motion.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
An actuator is simply a device
which allows something to be
actuated (started or engaged
or put into motion).
They typically convert an
incoming signal into physical
motion.
Your car has an actuator.
When you turn the key, the
electric motor starts to spin
and there is a gear which,
under the influence of the
motor starting to spin, is
moved into a position so that
this gear engages the large
gear on the flywheel, the
engine turns over and,
hopefully, starts.
ELETROMECHANICAL VALVE
ACTUATORS
Electromechanical actuators
control valve motion by
electromagnetic forces
developed by coils
surrounding the valve stem.
When the holding current in
the upper coil goes to zero,
the valve starts to open
under spring action.
Current starts flowing in
the lower coil until it
reaches the holding value to
hold the valve open at
desired lift.
This process is reversed to
close the valve.
COMPONENTS OF CAMLESS
ENGINE
Main components of a cam less engine
are: Engine valve .
Solenoid valve .
high pressure pump .
low pressure pump .
cool down accumulator .
ENGINE VALVE
The valve piston is attached to the top of the valve, and
both the valve and the piston can slide inside a sleeve.
The sleeve openings above and below the valve piston
allow the hydraulic fluid to enter and exit .
A seal in the lower part of the sleeve prevents leakage of
fluid into the intake or exhaust port .
There is a tight hydraulic clearance between the valve and
the sleeve .
SOLENOID VALVE
The solenoid has conically shaped
magnetic poles .
This reduces the air gap at a given
stroke .
A strong spring is needed to obtain
quick closing time and low leakage
between activations .
The hydraulic energy loss is the
greatest during the closing of either
the high- or the low-pressure
solenoid, because it occurs during the
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
An engine-driven
variable-displacement
pump automatically
adjusts its output to
maintain the required
pressure.
The high-pressure and the
low-pressure reservoirs
are connected to all
corresponding locations
serving the high- and the
low-pressure solenoids
and the check valves .
ADVANTAGES
Independent control of all aspects of valve
motion, valve lift, valve open duration
etc .
Freedom to optimize all parameters of
valve motion based on driving condition .
Reduced engine size and weight .
Better fuel economy :- 7 to 10 %
increase .
Higher torque & power :- 10 to 15 %
increase .
Improved idle stability .
DISADVANTAGES
> Opening & closing of valves requires some
powerElectromechanical- alternator
Electrohydraulic- accumulator .
Sophisticated electronic control required for
gentle seating of valves .
Current solenoids cannot run at high rpms .
Hidden cost of microprocessor & software
controls
CURRENT APPLICATIONS
Cam less valve
trains using
solenoids or
magnetic
systems are
being
investigated by
BMW and Fiat .
Used in the
new Fiat 500 .
DISCUSSION &
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION :> Although the problem of the power loss, friction ,
torque & maximum power may be tackled using
cam less engines, there are also some problems
which arises due to the use of the cam less engines
.
The use of hydraulic actuators lead to the
slowness due to the inertia of the fluid flow. The
use of the pneumatic actuators lead to the use of
the high air pressure system .
The use of electromagnetic, piezoelectric and
DISCUSSION &
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION : Employs the hydraulic pendulum principle, which
contributes to low hydraulic energy
consumption .
The electro hydraulic valve train is integral with
the cylinder head, which lowers the head height
and improves the engine packaging .
Substantial improvements in performance, fuel
economy, and emissions over and above what is
achievable in engines with camshaft-based valve
trains .
Further research and development are needed to
take full advantage of this system .