Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
older adults
P.Kamalanathan
Associate professor of physiotherapy
SRM UNIVERSITY
How we
want
to be
Reality?
Trajectories of Dying
Terminal Illness
Sudden Death
Function
Cancer
High
High
Function
7%
Death
Death
Low
Low
Time
Time
Organ Failure
High
22%
Lung
Heart
Liver
High
47%
Function
Function
16%
Low
Time
Death
Dementia
Strokes
Arthritis
Parkinsons
Hip Fracture
Frailty
Death
Low
Time
Lunney, JR, Lynn J, Hogan, C. Profiles of Older Medicare Decedents. JAGS 50:1108-1112, 2002
Overview
Defining disability
What is rehabilitation?
Decision making
Team
Technology
Setting
Dis-fitness Cycle
Age
Related
Change
New or
Existing
Illness
Increased
Disease
Risk
Illness
Risk
Factors
Reduced
Physical
Activity
Etiology of
deconditioning
Consequences of
deconditioning
Disease Impairment
Handicap
Malnutrition
Weakness
Difficult
y
shoppin
g
Immobility
Knee
arthritis
Pain
Disability
Physical
Environme
nt (multistory
house)
Difficult
y
walking
Loss of
ability to
live
independen
tly
Social
Isolatio
n
Social
Environme
nt
(loss of
spouse)
Apathy
Depression
Principal Hospital
Diagnoses of Elderly Age
85+ (2006)
Cascade to Dependency
Muscle
Strength
& Aerobic
Capacity
Vasomotor
Instability
Bone
Density
Ventilation
Sensory
Continence
Altered
Thirst and
Nutrition
Fragile
Skin
Tendency
To Urinary
Incontinence
Immobilization
Sheering
Force
Diapers
Tether
Plasma
Volume
Accelerated
Bone Loss
Closing
Volume
Sensory
Deprivation
Isolation
Barriers
Tether
Rx Diet
Dehydration
Malnutrition
Syncope
pO2
Deconditioning
Tube
Delirium
Aspiration
Fall
Physical
Restraint
Chemical
Restraint
Fracture
False Label
Nursing Home
Tardive
Dyskinesia
Functional
Incontinence
Catheter
Pressure
Sore
Infection
Family
Rejection
Hospital associated
deconditioning
Hospital admission
Post Recovery
A
Rehabilitation
Threshold of
Independence
No rehabilitation
Time
Function
THRESHOLD
Poor
Frail
Adults
Low
Strength
High
WHAT IS REHABILITATION?
Goal of rehabilitation
Decision making
Pre-hospital setting
Social support available
Current active medical problems
Current tolerance of PT/OT
Cognitive ability
Decision making
Patient motivation
Patient and family preferences
Financial resources
Potential for recovery
Contraindications to therapeutic
rehabilitation
Contraindications to therapeutic
rehabilitation
Rehabilitation in general
Comprehensive
Multidisciplinary
Long term
Medical evaluation
Prescribed exercise
Risk factor modification
Counseling/Education
Rehabilitative Interventions:
A Team Sport
Exercise
Assistive technology
Physical modalities
Orthotics and prosthetics
Physical Therapy
Bed mobility and
transfer
Gait and balance
Ambulatory
endurance +/- gait
aid and stair climbing
Hip and knee
extensor training
Occupational Therapy
ADL training
Fine motor training
and adaptive
equipment
IADL / homemaking /
community survival
skills
Cognitive and safety
awareness
assessment and
remediation
ROM / flexibility /
stretching of upper
extremity
Energy conservation
and joint protection
Muscle strength and
endurance training
Driving rehabilitation:
www.driver-ed.org
Speech Therapy
All aspects of communication
Swallowing disorders
Treatment of communication
deficits
Diet and positioning changes for
dysphagia
Nurse
Evaluation of self-care skills
Evaluation of family and
home care factors
Self-care training
Patient and family education
Liaison with community
Social Worker
Evaluation of family and
home care factors
Assessment of
psychosocial factors
Counseling
Liaison with community
Dietician
Assess nutritional status
Alter diet to maximize
nutrition
Consider liberalizing the
diet
Recreation therapist
Assess leisure skills and interests
Involve patients in recreational activities
to maintain social roles
Mobility Aids
Cane
Supports 15-20% of weight
Options: single point, quad
or hemi-cane
Side opposite affected limb
Fitted to ulnar styloid
Contraindications
Arm weakness, moderate to
severe gait or balance deficit
Potential problem:
inadequate support
Mobility Aide
Walker
Mobility Aids
Crutches
Wheelchair
THE ROLE OF
HOME IN
REHABILITATION
Gains
Lean body mass
increases 1-3 kg
Resistance training
improves strength by a
range of 40-150%
Muscle fiber area 10-30%
BOTTOM LINES:
1.MUSCLE STRENGTHENING EXERCISES REQUIRED
2.MUST INCLUDE BALANCE+FLEXIBILITY IN OLDER ADULTS
Mode:
Aerobic+Strength +Balance+Flexibility
Duration
Frequency
Intensity:
Timely Follow Up
Therapy (Preventive and/or Therapeutic)
8-10 exercises
2 times per week
(static stretch)
10 minutes
10-30 seconds/stretch
3-4 repetitions
All days of the week
Dynamic
Intensity=sensory or time
CONDITION SPECIFIC
REHABILITATION
Cardiovascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Chronic lung disease
Alzheimers Disease
Accidents and falls
Leaving out pneumonia, influenza,
malignancy
CARDIAC
REHABILITATION
Cardiovascular rehabilitation
Less than 1/3 patients participate
www.ahrq.gov/news/press/prsrl2.htm
Components include:
Comprehensive
Long-term
Medical evaluation
Prescribed exercise
Risk-factor modification
Education
Counseling
Outcomes
Diagnosis
Functional
Capacity
QOL
Morbidity
Mortality
AMI
+++
+++
++
+++
CABG
+++
+++
++
++
Stable
angina
+++
+++
PCI
+++
++
CHF
+++
++
Cardiac
Transplant
+++
++
Valve
replacement
+++
++
STROKE REHABILITATION
Stroke rehabilitation
Initial assessment
Reassessment of rehab
progress
General Medical Status
Functional status
Mobility, ADL/IADL, Communication, nutrition,
cognition, mood/affect/motivation, sexual function
Family support
Resources, caretaker, transportation
Assessment of discharge
environment
Functional needs
Motivation and preferences
Intensity of tolerable treatments
Availability and eligibility for benefits
Transportation
Home assessment for safety
PULMONARY
REHABILITATION
Reduce symptoms
Optimize function
Increase participation
Reduce healthcare costs
Ries Al, et al. Pulmonary Rehab: Joint ACCP/AACVPR Evidence-based clinical
practice guidelines. Chest 2007 May; 131(5 Suppl): 4S-42S.
Recommendations and
evidence
Mandatory exercise training (Level 1A)
Six to 12 weeks of pulmonary rehab
produces benefits that decline over 12-18
months (1A)
Maintenance strategies have modest
effect on long-term outcomes (2C)
Lower extremity exercise at higher
intensity has greater benefit (1B)
Ries Al, et al. Pulmonary Rehab: Joint ACCP/AACVPR Evidence-based clinical practice
guidelines. Chest 2007 May; 131(5 Suppl): 4S-42S.
Recommendations and
evidence
Low- and high-intensity exercise produce
benefits (1A)
Strength training increases strength and
muscle mass (1A)
No support for use of anabolic steroids
(2C)
No support for inspiratory muscle training
(1B)
Ries Al, et al. Pulmonary Rehab: Joint ACCP/AACVPR Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.
Chest 2007 May; 131(5 Suppl): 4S-42S.
Typical program
Stage III-IV COPD severity
3-4 sessions/week, 3-4
hours/session
6-12 week duration
Walking/resistance training
Horizon (?): heliox, O2, noninvasive ventilatory support,
biofeedback, anabolic steroid
Casaburi, ZuWallack. NEJM 2009;
360: 1329-35
Problem areas
COPD cachexia
-1/3 of patients dont improve
No uniform funding policy
$2200/person cost
Unavailable to low-income, minority and
rural populations
Casaburi, ZuWallack. NEJM 2009; 360: 1329-35
Outcomes
Improves dyspnea (Level 1A)
Improved Health Related Quality of Life
(1A)
Reduces hospitalization and utilization
(2B), Cost effective (2C)
Insufficient data for survival benefit
Psychosocial benefits (2B)
Ries Al, et al. Pulmonary Rehab: Joint ACCP/AACVPR Evidence-based clinical
practice guidelines. Chest 2007 May; 131(5 Suppl): 4S-42S.
DEMENTIA
REHABILITATION
Psychological/physical performance
Mobility
Balance
Strength
Gait speed
Sleep
Mood/agitation/cognitive function
Rolland, et al. JAMDA 2008; 9: 390405
Fall prevention:
Cochrane Review of 11 RCTs
Wide variety of exercise programs
5/11reduction in rate of falls or fall risk
4 exercise only intervention
1 multi-intervention + exercise
Conclusion: Exercise
Summary
Exercise as prevention
Exercise as therapy
Team Rehab
Prescribed exercise