VALVES

INTRODUCTION
Valves are the most important components in any piping
segment. Estimates real that of a substantial portion,
approximately 8 10% of the total capital expenditure of
the process or power industry is used for procurement
of Valves.
Valves are classified based on function, end connection
and material of construction

FUNCTIONS OF VALVES
Isolation
Regulation
Preventing Reversal of Flow
Special Purpose

TYPES OF VALVES
Based on Functions
Isolation

Regulation

Non Return

Special Purpose

Gate Valve

Globe Valve

Check
Valve

Multi port Valve

Ball Valve

Needle Valve

Flush Bottom
Valve

Plug Valve

Butterfly Valve

Float Valve

Piston Valve

Diaphragm Valve

Foot Valve

Diaphragm Valve

Piston Valve

Line Blind Valve

Butterfly Valve

Pinch Valve

Knife Gate Valve

Based on End Connections

End Connection means the arrangement of attachment
of the valves to the equipment of piping system
Screwed Ends
Socket Welded Ends
Flanged Ends
Butt Weld Ends
Wafer Type Ends

Based on Material of Construction

The most commonly available materials are
Cast Iron
Ductile Iron
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
Alloy Steel
HDPE, Poly Propylene, Etc.

GATE VALVES
They function as block valves
75% of all valves in process industries are gate
valves
Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow,
because it will pass maximum flow when it is only
partially open.
The end flanges could be integrally cast into the
body. (Refer ANSI B16.5 for flanged connection)
There are two types of Port Designs.
Full Port Design Net area of the bore through the
seat be nearly as equal to the pipe size.
Regular Port Design Port Diameter is normally
one size less than the size of the pipe.

GATE VALVES

Flo
w In

Flo
w
Out

BALL VALVES
They function as block valves and flow regulating
(special design) valves.
Quarter turn positive shut- off valves.
Suited for conditions where quick on / off / bubble
tight shut off is required.
Soft seats are usually used only for low
temperature
Metal seated ball valves are used for high
temperature services.
Soft seats are not normally used for throttling
because of erosion or distortion / displacement
caused by fluid flow.
Contd..

BALL VALVES
The Pressure-temperature ratings are established
based on the seating material.
Offers minimum resistance to flow.
Two designs are available.
Regular Port Design Port Diameter will be
smaller than the pipe inside diameter. Normally the
port diameter is one size less than the pipe
diameter.
Full Port Design In this case the Port Diameter of
the Valve will be same as that of the inside
diameter of the Pipe.

CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF

BALL VALVES

PLUG VALVES
Plug Valves are quarter turn positive shutoff valve.
Well suited for quick on/off and /or Bubble tight
shutoff.
Not Normally used for throttling, because soft seats
are subject to erosion.
Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the
valve.
In certain designs, a low friction Poly Tetra Fluoro
Ethylene (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface
structure of the valve plug.
Contd..

TYPES OF PLUG VALVES

Lubricated Metal Seated Plug Valves
- the lubrication of the seating surface is by means
of lubricant, which is fed into the operating surface.
Regular Port Design
- Teflon sleeved plug valves can have flanged, butt
welded, screwed or socket weld ends. The
Pressure classification is same as that specified for
gate valves.
Contd..

PLUG VALVE DESIGN PATTERN

Regular Pattern
- they have plug ports generally rectangular and have
area substantially equal to full bore of the pipe.
Short Pattern
- Face to face dimensions corresponding to Gate
valves.
Venturi Pattern
- They have reduced port area. They produce a
venturi effect to restore a large percentage of velocity
head loss through the valve and produce a resultant
total pressure drop of relatively low order.

Cross Section of a Plug Valve

BUTTERFLY VALVES
Butterfly Valves are quarter turn positive shutoff
valve.
Major Parts- Body.
- Disc
- Shaft
- Body Seat or Seal
- Shaft Seal
- Shaft Bearing
- Handle
In certain design soft seats are provided instead of
linear.
Contd..

BUTTERFLY VALVES
Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.
Valves upto 12 NB are operated with Lever
Higher Diameter valves are provided with gear unit and
hand wheel.
These valves are wear resistance.
Elastomers have higher life expectance than
conventional metallic seated valves when used in high
density mineral slurry services.
Generally used for line sizes > 8.

Cross Sectional
Top View

DIAPHRAGM VALVE
Diaphragm valves are used for low pressure corrosive services
as shut off valve.
These can also be used as control valves.
Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate the valve.
The major parts of diaphragm valves are,
1.Body
2.Diaphragm
3.Bonnet
4.Stem
5.Stem bushing
6.Compressor
7.Hand wheel
8.Bonnet bolting.

GLOBE VALVE
Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.
Smaller sizes are hand controlled.
Application of larger size valves are limited to bypass
control valve stations.
Provide relatively tight shut off.
Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.
The discs of globe valves shall be flat-faced type,plug
type,ball type,needle type,port type.
Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8
High pressure drop across valve.

Cross Section of Globe Valve

Flo
w In

Flo
w
Out

CHECK VALVE
Check valves prevent flow reversal.
Typical check valve applications are in pump and
compressor discharge piping.
Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of
working fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.
The later are often used where there is an angular
change in flow stream.
Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2 and
smaller.
Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher
pipe sizes.

SWING CHECK VALVES

The disc swings freely in the form of an
arc.
Valve is kept open by the flow and disc
seating is accomplished by gravity and/or
flow reversal.
When used in vertical lines the flow
should be upwards only.

SWING CHECK VALVES

Flo
w
Out

Flo
w In

LIFT CHECK VALVES

Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check valve
etc.,
Used for sizes to 2.
Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.
Used to control vertical flow.

WAFER CHECK VALVES

Wafer body is a value body
without flanges. It is also called
flangeless body.
Such valves are held between any
two flanges and held in place by
compressive force between the
flange.

SPECIAL PURPOSE VALVES

There are certain valves, which perform duties other than
Isolation, control and check. These are classified as Special
Purpose Valves. A few of them and their uses are
Multi-Port Valve Many ports, after flow line.
Flush Bottom Valves After Flow line.
Float Valve Control Fluid Level in Reservoir.
Foot Valves NRV with strainers.
Line Blind Valves Replace Spectacle Blinds.
Knife Gate Valves Slurry Services(MSS-SP)

VALVES SELECTION
General Procedure for selecting Valve Components
Identify the necessary design information. This includes
Design Pressure and Temperature, Valve Function,
Material, Etc.
Identify potentially appropriate valve types( i.e Ball,
Butterfly, etc.)and components based on application and
function( i.e block, throttle or reverse flow prevention).
Determine Valve application requirements( i.e. design or
service limitations).
Finalize valve selection. Check which factors need
consideration if two or more valves are suitable.
Provide a full technical description. This is done by
specifying the valve type, material, flange rating, etc.

VALVES MATERIALS
Valve bodies are produced in almost as many different
materials as there are available in pipe. Moreover, within
a valve, a number of different materials are used.
One point that should be taken care of is that while
forgings are acceptable in place of castings, the reverse
may not always be true.
A careful study of the material would reveal that trim
material is usually superior to the body / bonnet
material. Trims mean the moving parts of a valve that
come in contact with the fluid.
Contd..

VALVES MATERIALS
Among the principal factors which influence the
performance of trim materials are
Tensile properties, Chemical Stability and
Corrosion
Resistance
at
the
operating
temperature.
Hardness and Toughness
Co-efficient of Expansion which corresponds
closely to that of the valve body, and
A difference of sufficient magnitude in the
properties of a seat and disk facings to prevent
seizing of their surfaces when slides over the
other.

NAME OF
PART

CARBON
STEEL

LTCS

3 Ni

SS

Body & Bonnet

(upto 1 )

A 105

A350 LF2

A350 LF2

A182 Gr F304 /
F318 / F318 L

Body & Bonnet

(2 & above)

A216 Gr WCB

A352 Gr LCB

A352 Gr LC3

A351 Gr CF8 /
CF8M

Bonnet Gasket
Class 150, 300600, 900 &
above

Corrugated soft
Iron SPW SS304
+ CAF soft Iron
Ring Joint

Corrugated
304 SPW
SS304 + CAF
Soft Iron
Ring Joint

SPW SS304 +
CAF 3 % Cr
Ring Joint

SPW SS304 +
CAF
304/316/316L
Ring Joint

Gland Packing

Graphited
asbestos with
Inconel wire

Asbestos
Impregnated
PTFE

Asbestos
Impregnated
PTFE

Graphited
asbestos with
Inconel wire

Bonnet Bolt

A193 GrB7

A320 GrL7

A320 GrL7

A193 GrB7

Bonnet Nut

A194 Gr2H

A194 Gr4

A194 Gr4

A194 Gr2H

Stem (no
casting)

13% Cr

18 / 8 SS

18 / 8 SS

SS304 / 316 /
316L

Other Trim
Material

13% Cr
(Stellited for
600# & above)

Stellited

Stellited

SS304 / 316 /
316L

TERMS USED FOR VALVE SPECIFICATION

Pressure Temperature Ratings
It is the maximum allowable sustained non shock
pressure at the corresponding tabulated temperature.
These are listed in ANSI B16.34 and ANSI B16.5.
Class
The valve is specified by the pressure rating of the body
of the valves. The American Standard specifies the
following classes
150#, 300 #, 600 #, 900 #, 1500 #, 2500 #, 800 # and
4500 #.
Contd..

TERMS USED FOR VALVE SPECIFICATION

Trim
Trim is composed of Stem, Seat Surfaces, Back Seat
Bushing and other small internal parts that normally
contact the surface fluid. The table below indicates trim of
common types of valves. API 650 specifies the materials
that can be used with typical specification.
TRIM PARTS ON COMMON VALVES
GATE

GLOBE

SWING
CHECK

LIFT CHECK

Stem

Stem

Seat Ring

Disc Guide

Seat Ring

Seat Ring

Disc Holder

Seat Ring

Wedge Ring Disc Nut

Side Plug

Bushing

Holder Pin,
Disc Nut
Pin

Bushing

TERMS USED FOR VALVE SPECIFICATION

Pressure Drop
Pressure drop is the loss of pressure through resistance
across the valve while flowing, and is expressed in terms
of equivalent length in pipe diameters.
Wire Drawing
This term is used to indicate the premature erosion of the
valve seat caused by excessive velocity between seat
and seat disc. An erosion pattern is left as if wire had
been drawn between the seat and seat disc. Excessive
velocity can occur when valve is not closed tightly, which
leads to erosion. Disc of harder material are to be closed
carefully to prevent wire drawing

VALVES TYPES FOR SPECIFIC SERVICES

Service

Main

Secondary

Gases

Butterfly Valves
Check Valves
Diaphragm Valves
Lubricated Plug valves
Screw down stop valves

Pressure Control Valves

Pressure Reducing Valves
Pressure Relief Valves
Safety Valves
Relief Valves

Liquids, clear
up to sludges
and sewage

Butterfly Valves
Screw down stop valves
Gate Valves
Lubricated Plug Valves
Diaphragm Valves
Pinch Valves

-----

Slurries and
liquids heavily
contaminated
with solids

Butterfly Valves
Pinch Valves
Gate Valves
Screw down stop valves
Lubricated Plug Valves

-----

Steam

Butterfly Valves
Gate Valves
Screw down stop valves
Turbine Valves

Check Valves
Pressure Control Valves
Presuperheated Valves
Safety and Relief Valves

DESIGN AND TESTING STANDARDS

TYPE OF VALVE

DESIGN
STANDARDS

TESTING
STANDARDS

GATE < 2
2

API 602
API 600

API 598
API - 598

GLOBE < 2
2

BS 5352
BS 1873

BS 6755 (I)
BS 6755 (I)

CHECK < 2
2

BS 5352
BS 1868

BS 6755 (I)
BS 6755 (I)

BALL

BS 5351 / API 6D

BS 6755 / API 607

PLUG

BS 5353

BS 6755 (I)

BUTTERFLY

BS 5155 / MNF STD

BS 6755 (I)