Chapter1

IntroductiontoDatabases

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Chapter1Objectives
Somecommonusesofdatabasesystems.
Characteristicsoffilebasedsystems.
Problemswithfilebasedapproach.
Meaningofthetermdatabase.
MeaningofthetermDatabase
ManagementSystem(DBMS).

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Chapter1Objectives
TypicalfunctionsofaDBMS.
MajorcomponentsoftheDBMS
environment.
PersonnelinvolvedintheDBMS
environment.
HistoryofthedevelopmentofDBMSs.
AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofDBMSs.

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ExamplesofDatabase
Applications
Purchasesfromthesupermarket
Purchasesusingyourcreditcard
Bookingaholidayatthetravelagents
Usingthelocallibrary
Takingoutinsurance
Rentingavideo
UsingtheInternet
Studyingatuniversity

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FileBasedSystems
Collectionofapplicationprogramsthat
performservicesfortheendusers(e.g.
reports).
Eachprogramdefinesandmanagesits
owndata.

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FileBasedProcessing

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LimitationsofFileBased
Approach
Separationandisolationofdata

Eachprogrammaintainsitsownsetofdata.
Usersofoneprogrammaybeunawareof
potentiallyusefuldataheldbyotherprograms.

Duplicationofdata

Samedataisheldbydifferentprograms.
Wastedspaceandpotentiallydifferentvalues
and/ordifferentformatsforthesameitem.

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LimitationsofFileBased
Approach
Datadependence

Filestructureisdefinedintheprogramcode.

Incompatiblefileformats

Programsarewrittenindifferentlanguages,
andsocannoteasilyaccesseachothersfiles.

FixedQueries/Proliferationofapplication
programs
Programsarewrittentosatisfyparticular
functions.
Anynewrequirementneedsanewprogram.
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DatabaseApproach
Arosebecause:

Definitionofdatawasembeddedin
applicationprograms,ratherthanbeing
storedseparatelyandindependently.
Nocontroloveraccessandmanipulationof
databeyondthatimposedbyapplication
programs.

Result:

thedatabaseandDatabaseManagement
System(DBMS).
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Database
Sharedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddata
(andadescriptionofthisdata),designedto
meettheinformationneedsofan
organization.
Systemcatalog(metadata)provides
descriptionofdatatoenableprogramdata
independence.
Logicallyrelateddatacomprisesentities,
attributes,andrelationshipsofan
organizationsinformation.
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DatabaseManagementSystem
(DBMS)
Asoftwaresystemthatenablesusersto
define,create,maintain,andcontrol
accesstothedatabase.
(Database)applicationprogram:a
computerprogramthatinteractswith
databasebyissuinganappropriate
request(SQLstatement)totheDBMS.

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DatabaseManagementSystem
(DBMS)

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DatabaseApproach
Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL).

Permitsspecificationofdatatypes,
structuresandanydataconstraints.
Allspecificationsarestoredinthedatabase.

Datamanipulationlanguage(DML).

Generalenquiryfacility(querylanguage)of
thedata.

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DatabaseApproach
Controlledaccesstodatabasemay
include:
asecuritysystem
anintegritysystem
aconcurrencycontrolsystem
arecoverycontrolsystem
auseraccessiblecatalog.

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Views
Allowseachusertohavehisorherown
viewofthedatabase.
Aviewisessentiallysomesubsetofthe
database.

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ViewsBenefits
Reducecomplexity
Providealevelofsecurity
Provideamechanismtocustomizethe
appearanceofthedatabase
Presentaconsistent,unchangingpicture
ofthestructureofthedatabase,evenif
theunderlyingdatabaseischanged

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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment

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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
Hardware

CanrangefromaPCtoanetworkof
computers.

Software

DBMS,operatingsystem,networksoftware(if
necessary)andalsotheapplicationprograms.

Data

Usedbytheorganizationandadescription
ofthisdatacalledtheschema.

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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
Procedures

Instructionsandrulesthatshouldbeappliedto
thedesignanduseofthedatabaseandDBMS.

People

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RolesintheDatabase
Environment
DataAdministrator(DA)
DatabaseAdministrator(DBA)
DatabaseDesigners(Logicaland
Physical)
ApplicationProgrammers
EndUsers(naiveandsophisticated)

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HistoryofDatabaseSystems
Firstgeneration

HierarchicalandNetwork

Secondgeneration
Relational

Thirdgeneration

ObjectRelational
ObjectOriented

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AdvantagesofDBMSs
Controlofdataredundancy
Dataconsistency
Moreinformationfromthesameamount
ofdata
Sharingofdata
Improveddataintegrity
Improvedsecurity
Enforcementofstandards
Economyofscale
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AdvantagesofDBMSs
Balanceconflictingrequirements
Improveddataaccessibilityand
responsiveness
Increasedproductivity
Improvedmaintenancethroughdata
independence
Increasedconcurrency
Improvedbackupandrecoveryservices

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DisadvantagesofDBMSs
Complexity
Size
CostofDBMS
Additionalhardwarecosts
Costofconversion
Performance
Higherimpactofafailure

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