TWO-PORT NETWORKS

In many situations one is not interested in the internal organization of a

network. A description relating input and output variables may be sufficient

A two-port model is a description of a network that relates voltages and current

at two pairs of terminals

LEARNING GOALS
Study the basic types of two-port models
Admittance parameters
Impedance parameters
Hybrid parameters
Transmission parameters
Understand how to convert one model into another

ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS

The network contains NO independent sources

The admittance parameters describe the currents in terms of the voltages

y21 determines the current

I1 y11V1 y12V2

The first subindex identifies

the output port. The second
the input port.

flowing into port 2 when the I 2 y21V1 y22V2

port is short - circuited and a
voltageis applied to port 1

The computation of the parameters follows directly from the definition

y11

I1
V1 V

y12

I2
V1 V

y22

2 0

y21

2 0

I1
V2 V 0
1

I2
V2 V 0
1

LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the admittance parameters for the network

I1 y11V1 y12V2
I 2 y21V1 y22V2

Circuit used to determine y11 , y21

1
3
I1 (1 )V1 y11 [ S ]
2
2
1
1
1
I2
I1 I 2 V1 y21 [ S ]
1 2
2
2

I2

Circuit used to determine y12 , y22

5
1 1
V2 y22 [ S ]
6
2 3
3
3 5
1
I1
I2
V2 y12 [ S ]
23
5 6
2
I2

Next we show one use of this model

An application of the admittance parameters

Determine the current through the
4 Ohm resistor

I1 y11V1 y12V2
I 2 y21V1 y22V2

3
1
I1 V1 V2
2
2
1
5
I 2 V1 V2
2
6
1
I1 2 A, V2 4 I 2 I 2 V2
4
The model plus the conditions at the
ports are sufficient to determine the
13
other variables.
V1 V2

3
1
2 V1 V2
2
2
1
5 1
0 V1 V2
2
6 4

6
8
V2 [V ]
11
2
I 2 [ A]
11

IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS

The network contains NO independent sources

V1 z11 I1 z12 I 2
V2 z21I1 z22 I 2

The z parameters can be derived in a manner similar to the Y parame

z11

V1
I1 I

z12

V1
I2

z21
2 0

V2
I1

z22
I1 0

I 2 0

V2
I2

I1 0

LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the Z parameters

V1 z11 I1 z12 I 2
V2 z21I1 z22 I 2

z11

z12

Write the loop equations

V1 2 I1 j 4( I1 I 2 )

V1
I1 I
V1
I2

z21
2 0

z22
I1 0

V2 j 2 I 2 j 4( I 2 I1 )
rearranging

V1 (2 j 4) I1 j 4 I 2
V2 j 4 I1 j 2 I 2

z11 2 j 4

z12 j 4

z21 j 4

z22 j 2

V2
I1

I 2 0

V2
I2

I1 0

LEARNING EXAMPLE Use the Z parameters to find the current through the 4 Oh
resistor

V1 z11 I1 z12 I 2
V2 z21I1 z22 I 2

Output port constraint

V2 4I 2
Input port constraint

V1 120 (1) I1

V1 (2 j 4) I1 j 4 I 2
V2 j 4 I1 j 2 I 2

0 j 4 I1 (4 j 2) I 2

(3 j 4)

12 (3 j 4) I1 j 4 I 2

j4

48 j (16 (4 j 2)(3 j 4)) I 2

I 2 1.61137.73

HYBRID PARAMETERS

The network contains NO independent sources

V1 h11 I1 h12V2
I 2 h21 I1 h22V2

h11

V1
I1 V

h21

V1
V2

h22

2 0

h12

I1 0

I2
I1 V

2 0

I2
V2

h11 short - circuit input impedance

h12 open - circuit reverse voltage gain
h21 short - circuit forward current gain

I1 0

h22 open - circuit output admittance

These parameters are very common in modeling transistors

LEARNING EXAMPLE

I1

Find the hybrid parameters for the network

I2

V1

V2

I1

V1

V1 h11 I1 h12V2
I 2 h21 I1 h22V2
I2

V1

I2
V2 0

V1 (12 (6 || 3)) I1 h11 14

6
2
I2
I1 h21
3 6
3

I1 0

V2

V1

6
2
V2 h12
3 6
3

I2

V2
1
h22 [ S ]
9
9

TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS
ABCD parameters

The network contains NO independent sources

V1 AV2 BI 2
I1 CV2 DI 2
A

V1
V2

C
I 2 0

V1
I2 V

I1
V2

D
2 0

A open circuit voltageratio

I 2 0

B negativeshort - circuit transfer impedance

I1
I2 V

2 0

C open - circuit transfer admittance

D negativeshort - circuit current ratio

LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine the transmission parameters

V1 AV2 BI 2
I1 CV2 DI 2
A

V1
V2

when I 2 0

1
j
V2
V A 1 j
1 1
1
j
V2

1
I
I1 1 j
j
V2

C
I 2 0

V1
I2 V

I1
V2

D
2 0

whenV2 0
1
1
j
I2
I1
I1
1
1 j
1
j

I 2 0

I1
I2 V

2 0

D 1 j

2 j
1
(1 j ) I 2
V1 1 (1 ||
) I1

1 j

B 2 j

PARAMETER CONVERSIONS

If all parameters exist, they can be related by conventional algebraic manipula

As an example consider the relationship between Z and Y parameters

V1 z11 I1 z12 I 2
V2 z21I1 z22 I 2
V1 z11
V z
2 21

y11
y
21

z12
z22

y12

I1
I1 z11
I I z
2
2 21

z11

y22 z21

z12

z22

z12
z22

V1
V
2

y11

y21

y12 V1
y22 V2

z22 z12
z
z11

21

with Z z11 z22 z21z12

In the following conversion table, the symbol stands for the determinant of the
corresponding matrix

z11

z12

z21

z22

, Y

y11

y12

y21

y22

, H

h11

h12

h21 h22

, T

A B
C D

INTERCONNECTION OF TWO-PORTS

Interconnections permit the description of complex systems in terms of simp

components or subsystems

The basic interconnections to be considered are: parallel, series and cascade

PARALLEL: Voltages are the same.
Current of interconnection
is the sum of currents

The rules used to derive model

for interconnection assume tha
each subsystem behaves in the
same manner before and after
the interconnection

SERIES: Currents are the same.

Voltage of interconnection is the sum
of voltages

CASCADE:
Output of first subsystem
acts as input for the
second

Parallel Interconnection: Description Using Y Parameters

Interconne
ction
descriptio
n
I1 y11
I y
2 21
I YV

y12
y22

V1
V
2

In a similar manner
I1a
V1a
y11a y12a
Ia
,Va V ,Ya y
I a YaVa
I b YbVb
I
y
2a
2a
21a
22 b
Interconnection constraints :
I I a I b I YaVa YbVb (Ya Yb )V
I1 I1a I1b , I 2 I 2a I 2b

V Va Vb
V1 V1a V1b , V2 V2a V2b
Y Ya Yb

Series interconnection using Z parametersSERIES: Currents are the same.

Voltage of interconnection is the sum
of voltages

Description of eachsubsystem
Va Z a I a , Vb Z b I b

Interconnection constraints
Ia Ib I
V Za I Zb I ( Za Zb ) I
V Va Vb

Z Za Zb

Cascade connection using transmission parameters

CASCADE:
Output of first subsystem
acts as input for the
second

Interconnection constraints:
I 2 a I1b

V2 a V1b

V1 V1a

V2 V2 b

I1 I1a

I 2 I 2b

V1 AV2 BI 2

V1a
Aa
I C
1a
a

Ba V2 a
Da I 2 a

V1b
Ab
I C
1b
b

Bb V2 b
Db I 2 b

V1 Aa
I C
1 a

I1 CV2 DI 2
V1
A

I
C

B
D

V2
I

Matrix multiplication does not commut

Order of the interconnection is importa

Ba Ab
Da C b

Bb V2
Db I 2

LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the Y parameters for the network

j2

I1

V1

V2

V1 V2 j 2 I1
I 2 I1

I1

V1

I2

y11a

1
1
j , y12 a j
2
2

y21a j

1
1 Y
, y22 a j

2
2

3
1
j
5
2
1
1
j
2
5

I2

2
1

V2

V1 2 I1 I 2
V2 I1 3 I 2

2 1
Yb

1 3

1 3 1

5 1 2

1
1
j
2
5
2
1
j
5
2

[S]

LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the Z parameters of the network

Network A

Use direct method,

or given the Y parameters transform to Z
or decompose the network in a series
connection of simpler networks

22j
3 2 j
Za
2
3 2 j

2
3 2 j
2 4 j
3 2 j

1 1
Zb

1 1

54j
3 2 j
Z Za Zb
52j
3 2 j

Network B

5 2 j
3 2 j
5 6 j
3 2 j

LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the transmission parameters

By splitting the 2-Ohm resistor,

the network can be viewed as the
cascade connection of two identical
networks

A B 1 j
C D j

2 j 1 j
1 j j

A B 1 j
C D j

2 j
1 j

2 j
1 j

(1 j )(2 j ) ( 2 j )(1 j )
A B (1 j ) 2 (2 j ) j

C D
j ( 2 j ) (1 j ) 2

j (1 j ) (1 j )( j )

A B 1 4 j 2 2
C D
2

2 j 2

4 6 j 2 2

1 4 j 2 2

Two-Ports