BRUSHLESS D.

C MOTORS
Prepared by
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor
Lovely Professional University

Introduction
Classical DC motors are no doubt good and
simple but inefficient in some ways.
Although dc motors possess good control
characteristics and ruggedness, their
performance and applications are inhibited
due
to
sparking
and
commutation
problems.
The Permanent Magnet Brushless DC
(PMBLDC) motor is able to overcome the
limitations mentioned above and satisfy
the requirements of a variable speed drive.

Contents

Abstract.
Introduction.
Basics of a motor.
Classification
Hall Effect
BLDCM.
Working procedure
Construction
Comparison Tables
Characteristics
Drive Circuits
Advantages.
Disadvantages.
Applications.

Abstract
Permanent magnet (PM) brushless DC
motors (BLDCM) are generated by virtually
inverting the stator and rotor of PM DC
motors.
These motors are actually fed by
rectangular AC waveform.
The advantage is the removal of brushes,
leading to eliminate many problems
associated with brushes.
Another advantage is the ability to produce
a larger torque because of the rectangular
interaction between current and flux.

MOTOR
MOTOR
>> Converts electrical
energy to mechanical energy.

ORIGIN...
>> Nicola Tesla introduces
electric motor
in December 1889.
>> He identifies the principle
of rotating magnetic field.

Main parts of brushed

motor...
Commutator :
>> Facilitate collection

of current from the

armature conductors.

Brush :
>> Collects current

from the commutator.

Classification

HALL EFFECT: THE

DISCOVERY
Discovered by Edwin Hall in
1879.
Quantum Hall Effect
discovered in 1975

Hall-Effect
If a current-carrying conductor is kept
in a magnetic field, the magnetic
field exerts a force on the moving
charge carriers, tending to push
them to one side of the conductor,
producing a measurable voltage
difference between the two sides of
the conductor.

Lorentz Force:
F = q[E + (v x B)]

Lorentz Force:
F = q[E + (v x B)]
Hall voltage is produced by charge accumulation
on sidewalls
Charge accumulation balances Lorentz Force
Charge accumulation increases resistance

BLDCM
Has no brushes and
commutators.
Rotation of the rotor
depends on the accurate
position with stator.
Detected by Hall Sensor,
mounted on rotor,
shifted at 60 or 120
phase shift.
Electronic commutation
used to vary the PWM
duty-cycle for speed
control, using software.

Working of BLDCM
As there is no commutator ,the
current direction of the
conductor on the stator
controlled electronically.
Rotor consists the permanent
magnet where as stator consist
a no. of windings. Current
through these winding produces
magnetic field and force.
Hall sensor used to determine
the position during
commutation.

Commutation of BLDCM

Brushless DC motor requires external

commutation circuit to rotate the rotor.
Rotor position is very important.
HALL SENSOR senses the position of the coil
accurately.

Working Procedure

When electric current passes through a coil in a magnetic field,

the magnetic force produces a torque which turns the motor.

Force in Motor:
F=ILB
F = Force
B = Magnetic Field
L = Length of Conductor
I = Current in Conductor

Torque in Motor:
T = IBA sin
A = LW
L = Length of Winding
W = Width of Winding

Working Procedure
Halls Sensors
sense the position of
the coils.

The Decoder
Circuit turns
appropriate
switches on and off.

The voltage
through the specific
coils turns the
motor.

Construction
BLDC motors have many similarities
to AC induction motors and brushed
DC motors in terms of construction
and working principles respectively.
Like all other motors, BLDC motors
also have a rotor and a stator.

Stator
Similar to an Induction AC motor, the BLDC
motor stator is made out of laminated steel
stacked up to carry the windings. Windings
in a stator can be arranged in two patterns;
i.e. a star pattern (Y) or delta pattern ().
The major difference between the two
patterns is that the Y pattern gives high
torque at low RPM and the pattern gives
low torque at low RPM. This is because in
the configuration, half of the voltage is
applied across the winding that is not
driven, thus increasing losses and, in turn,
efficiency and torque.

 Steel laminations in the stator can be

slotted or slotless as shown in Figure 2. A
slotless core has lower inductance, thus it
can run at very high speeds. Because of
the absence of teeth in the lamination
stack, requirements for the cogging torque
also go down, thus making them an ideal
fit for low speeds too (when permanent
magnets on rotor and tooth on the stator
align with each other then, because of the
interaction
between
the
two,
an
undesirable cogging torque develops and
causes ripples in speed). The main
disadvantage of a slotless core is higher
cost because it requires more winding to
compensate for the larger air gap.

BLDC Motor Stator

Rotor
The rotor of a typical BLDC motor is made
out of permanent magnets. Depending upon
the application requirements, the number of
poles in the rotor may vary. Increasing the
number of poles does give better torque but
at the cost of reducing the maximum
possible speed. Another rotor parameter that
impacts the maximum torque is the material
used for the construction of permanent
magnet; the higher the flux density of the
material, the higher the torque.

Disassembled view of a
brushless dc motor

Brushless dc motor =
Permanent magnet ac
motor + Electronic
commutator

Speed Torque
Characteristics

Drive Circuits
There are two Drive circuits used in
Permanent magnet Brushless DC
Motor :
Unipolar Drive
Bipolar Drive

Unipolar Drive

Bipolar Drive

Advantages
In BLDC motor PM are on the
rotor & electromagnets are on
the stator controlled by
software. Thus the advantages
are:
1. Because of computer control it is
more precise & more efficient.
2. There is no sparking & less
electrical noise.
3. Voltage and current rating is high.
4. High speed can be achieved.
5. As there is no brushes it requires no
servicing.
6. It has longer life.
7. Low Radio Frequency Interference
and electromagnetic Interference.

Disadvantages
Requires Complex Drive Circuitry.
Requires additional Sensors.
Expensive.
Some designs require manual labor.
(Hand wound Stator Coils)

Applications
PMBLDC motors are
increasingly being used in a
wide spectrum of
applications:

domestic equipments,
automobiles
information technology equipment
industries
public life appliances
transportation
aerospace, defence equipments,
power tools, toys, vision and
sound equipments
medical and health care equipment
ranging from microwatts to
megawatts.