ALVEOLAR

BONE

CONTENTS
BONE
COMPOSITION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONE
ALVEOLAR PROCESS
DEVELOPMENT
STRUCTURE
INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION
FUNCTIONS
AGE CHANGES

Bone
Bone is a living tissue, which makes up the

body skeleton and is one of the hardest

structures of the animal body.
It provides shape and support for the body.
Bone serves as a storage site for minerals and
provides the medium, the marrow for the
development and storage of blood cells

Composition of bone
BONE

4th Qtr; 5%
3rd Qtr; 28%
1st Qtr; 67%

Classification of bone
The bones can be classified on many basis,

but their histological classification is of more

relevance to us
Compact oror
Cancellous
cortical
spongy

Mature bone
Compact bone (cortical bone)

consists of tightly packed osteons or

haversian systems forming a solid mass.
since the bone mass is arranged in layers, it
is called lamellar bone
Cancellous bone (spongy bone)
it has a honeycomb appearance, with large
marrow cavities and sheets of trabeculae of
bone in the form of bars and plates

Compact bone
1. Haversian
system
(osteon)
2. Haversian
canal
3.Interstitial
lamella
4. osteocytes

Cancellous bone

Immature bone
Woven or immature bone is the first formed

bone with irregularly oriented collagen fibers

of varying diameters.
usually not seen after birth
However, it is seen in alveolar bone and
during healing of fractures.

Woven bone
1. Intercellular

bone matrix
2. Osteocytes
3. Periosteum
4. Osteoclast

Alveolar process

mandible

maxilla

Introduction
alveolar process is defined as that part of

mandible and maxilla that forms and supports

the sockets of the teeth
They develop during the eruption of tooth and
disappear after the tooth is extracted or lost

Development
The alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle.
From the 2nd month of fetal life, the maxilla and

mandible form a groove that open towards the

surface of oral cavity.
The ectomesenchymal cells of dental follicle
differentiate into osteoblasts lay down a matrix
called osteoid.
As tooth germs start to develop, bony septa form
gradually.
The alveolar process start deveoping strictly during
tooth eruption

Developing alveolar
process
Bud Stage
dental papilla

enamel organ

dental follicle

Developing alveolar
process
developing tooth

Meckels cartilage
bone of mandible

Structure

Alveolar bone proper

The alveolar bone consists partly of lamellar bone

and partly bundle bone and is about 0.1-0.4 mm

thick
bundle bone
cementum
lamellated
bone
dentin
haversian
system
Bundles of PDL

 The alveolar bone proper which forms the

inner wall of socket is perforated and is known

as cribriform plate.

interdental septum

Bone between the teeth is

called interdental septum
and interradicular septum.

interradicular
septum


interdental
septum

The interdental and interradicular canal contain

the perforating canals of zuckerkandl and
hirschfeld

Interradicular septum

Lamellar bone
The alveolar bone proper surrounds the root of

tooth and gives attachment to principle fibers of

PDL
The lamellar bone has many osteons each of
which has a blood vessel in a haversian canal.

Bundle bone
Bundle bone is that bone in which the principle

fibers of periodontal ligament are anchored.

Radiographically it is referred to as lamina dura.

lamellated bone
dentin
cementum
PDL
reversal line
bundle bone

sharpeys fibers
bundle bone
lamina dura

Supporting alveolar bone

The supporting alveolar bone consists of two

parts :cortical plates

spongy bone
cortical plates
spongy bone
Alveolar bone proper
PDL
tooth

Cortical plates
Cortical plates consist of compact bone and

form the outer and inner plates of the alveolar

processes.
The cortical plates are thin in maxilla than in
mandible.
They are thickest in premolar and molar
region of lower jaw
cortical plates

Spongy bone
Spongy bone fills the area between the

cortical plates and alveolar bone proper.

spongy
bone

It is of 2 main types

type 1:- the interdental and inter radicular

trabeculae are regular and horizontal
type 2:- shows irregularly arranged,
numerous, delicate interdental and

Internal reconstruction
Bone re-modeling is an unique and important

process that takes place in the bones.

It involves the bone resorption by the
osteoclasts on one hand and the matrix
deposition by osteoblasts on the other hand.
Periods of resorption alternate with periods of
rest and repair.
Islands of bundle bone are separated from the
lamellated bone by reversal lines

Bone remodeling

functions
Houses the roots of teeth
Anchors the roots of teeth to the alveoli
Helps to move the teeth for better occlusion
Helps to absorb and distribute occlusal forces

generated during tooth contact

Supplies vessels to PDL
Houses and protects developing permanent teeth

while supporting primary teeth

Organizes eruption of primary and permanent teeth

Age changes
Alveolar bones appear jagged and uneven
The marrow spaces have fatty infiltration
The alveolar process in edentulous jaws decreases in

size
Loss of maxillary bone is accompanied by increase in

size of maxillary sinus

Internal trabecular arrangement is more open, which

indicates bone loss.

The distance between the crest of alveolar bone and

CEJ increases with age (2.81

mm approx)

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