Respiratory System

Dr. Thontowi Djauhari NS, MKes

ProgramStudi Farmasi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Respiratory System: Functions

1. Provides extensive surface area within the
lungs in the alveoli for gas exchange between
outside air & blood.
2. Moves air to & from exchange surfaces of
lung.
3. Purifies, warms, and humidifies the incoming
air in passageways to the lungs
4. Defends against invading microorganisms.
5. Produces sounds involved in speech.

Organs of the Respiratory system

Conducting portion

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Respiratory
portion

Lungs
alveoli
Figure 13.1

Paranasal Sinuses
Functions of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice

Figure 5.10
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Slide

Upper vs. Lower Respiratory System

Upper respiratory system Nose to pharynx.
Functions:
Filters air
Warms air
Humidifies air
Lower respiratory system larynx to smallest
structures of lungs.
Functions:
Same as above
Gas exchange

Upper
Respiratory
System
Lower
Respiratory
System

Upper Respiratory Tract

NC
OC

Figure 13.2

Larynx (Voice Box)

Routes air and food into proper channels
Plays a role in speech
Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoonshaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
Thyroid cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes anteriorly (Adams apple)
Epiglottis
Superior opening of the larynx
Routes air to the trachea & food to the esophagus.
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
Glottis opening between vocal cords

Anatomy
of the
larynx

Thyroid

epiglottis

Vocal fold

Anatomy of
the larynx:
epiglottis,
glottis, and
vocal folds

Trachea (Windpipe)

Trachea

The
trachea
(windpipe)
connects
larynx
with
bronchi.

Trachea

Walls reinforced
with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage
which prevent
collapse of the
trachea.
Trachea lined
with ciliated
mucosa that beat
continuously;
trachea expels
mucus loaded
with dust & other
debris away from
lungs.

Coverings of the Lungs (Serous Membrane)

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Pleural (serous) fluid fills the area between layers of
pleura to allow gliding

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures

Lungs

oblique
fissure
lobe

lobe

Left lung two lobes

lobe

hilus lobe

Right lung three lobes

Primary Bronchi
Formed by division of
the trachea
Enters the lung at the
hilus
Bronchi subdivide into
smaller
and smaller branches

Respiratory Tree
Divisions

Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

primary bronchus
secondary bronchus

The trachea
and primary
bronchi have
cartilage
rings.
Secondary
and tertiary
bronchi have
cartilage
plates
arranged
around
lumen.

tertiary
bronchi
Bronchioles
lack
cartilage.

Bronchioles

Smallest branches of
the bronchi
All but the smallest
branches have
reinforcing cartilage
Terminal bronchioles
end in alveoli
Figure 13.5a

Respiratory Zone

Respiratory
bronchioles
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
(Alveoli)
Gas exchange
takes place
within the alveoli
Sites of gas
exchange
Pulmonary
capillaries cover
external surfaces
of alveoli

Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)

Thin flat epithelial layer lining alveolar walls
Macrophages add protection
Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar surface

Figure 13.6

Events of
Respiration

Respiratory gas
transport
transport of
oxygen and carbon
dioxide via the
bloodstream
Internal
respiration gas
exchange between
blood and tissue
cells in systemic
capillaries

Neural Regulation of Respiration

Figure 13.12
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Slide

Mechanics
of
Breathing
(Pulmonary
Ventilation)

Completely mechanical process

Depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of
gases to equalize pressure
Two phases
Inspiration flow of air into lung
Expiration air leaving lung

Inspiration
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
The size (volume) of the thoracic cavity increases.
The pressure inside the thoracic caivity decreases and draws
external air into the lungs down the pressure gradient.

Figure 13.7a

Expiration

Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung

elasticity
As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs
Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal

Pressure
Differences
in the
Thoracic
Cavity

lungs:
intrapulmonary
pressure

pleural cavity:
intrapleural
pressure

Normal pressure within the pleural space (cavity) is always negative

(intrapleural pressure)
Pressure differences between the lungs (intrapulmonary) and pleural
spaces keep the lungs from collapsing

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Respiratory
capacities
are
measured
with a
spirometer

Normal breathing moves about 500 ml of air with each breath (tidal
volume [TV])
Many factors that affect respiratory capacity
A persons Size; Sex; Age; Physical condition
Residual volume of air after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in
the lungs

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
Approximately 1200 ml

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Vital capacity
The total amount of exchangeable air
Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

Dead space volume (about 150 ml)

Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
Functional volume (about 350 ml)
Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

The Cardiovascular System:

Program Studi Farmasi
Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

 Anatomy

Heart

4 chambers
AV valves
Tricuspid
Bicuspid - mitral
Semilunar valves
Right - pulmonary
Left - aortic

Inferior view of valves

Heart Anatomy
Approximately the size of your fist
Location
Superior surface of diaphragm
Left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to
the sternum

Heart Anatomy

Figure 18.1

Coverings of the Heart: Anatomy

Pericardium a double-walled sac around the
heart composed of:
A superficial fibrous pericardium
A deep two-layer serous pericardium
The parietal layer lines the internal surface
of the fibrous pericardium
The visceral layer or epicardium lines the
surface of the heart
They are separated by the fluid-filled
pericardial cavity

Coverings of the Heart: Physiology

The pericardium:
Protects and anchors the heart
Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
Allows for the heart to work in a relatively
friction-free environment

Pericardial Layers of the Heart

Figure 18.2

Heart Wall
Epicardium visceral layer of the serous
pericardium
Myocardium cardiac muscle layer forming the
bulk of the heart
Fibrous skeleton of the heart crisscrossing,
interlacing layer of connective tissue
Endocardium endothelial layer of the inner
myocardial surface

External Heart: Major Vessels of the

Heart (Anterior View)
Vessels returning blood to the heart include:
Superior and inferior venae cavae
Right and left pulmonary veins
Vessels conveying blood away from the heart
include:
Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and
left pulmonary arteries
Ascending aorta (three branches)
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and
subclavian arteries

External Heart: Vessels that

Supply/Drain the Heart (Anterior View)

Arteries right and left coronary (in

atrioventricular groove), marginal, circumflex, and
anterior interventricular arteries
Veins small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great
cardiac veins

External Heart: Anterior View

Figure 18.4b

External Heart: Major Vessels of the

Heart
(Posterior
View)
Vessels
returning blood
to the heart include:
Right and left pulmonary veins
Superior and inferior venae cavae
Vessels conveying blood away from the heart
include:
Aorta
Right and left pulmonary arteries

External Heart: Vessels that

Supply/Drain the Heart (Posterior View)
Arteries right coronary artery (in
atrioventricular groove) and the posterior
interventricular artery (in interventricular
groove)
Veins great cardiac vein, posterior vein to left
ventricle, coronary sinus, and middle cardiac vein

Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and

Lungs

Figure 18.5

Arteries

Right common
carotid
Right
subclavian
Brachiocephalic

Left
common
carotid
Left
subclavian

Aortic
arch

Descending
aorta

Arteries

Right external
carotid
Right internal
carotid
Right common
carotid
Right
subclavian

Brachiocephalic

Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation

Figure 11.11
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Slide 11.30

Veins
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
veins
Cardiac
veins

Inferior
vena cava

Coronary
sinus

Veins

Right external
jugular
Right internal
jugular

Right
subclavian

Axillary
Brachiocephalic

Major Veins of Systemic Circulation

Figure 11.12
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Slide 11.31

Circulation to the Fetus

Figure 11.15
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Slide 11.34

Fetal
Circulation

Coronary Circulation
Coronary circulation is the functional blood supply
to the heart muscle itself
Collateral routes ensure blood delivery to heart
even if major vessels are occluded

Coronary Circuit
Aorta
Coronary
arteries
Cardiac
veins

Coronary
sinus

Coronary Vessels Anterior

---LAC RPM---

Coronary Vessels Posterior

---LAC RPM---

Heart
HeartValves
valves ensure unidirectional blood flow

through the heart

Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the
atria and the ventricles
AV valves prevent backflow into the atria when
ventricles contract
Chordae tendineae anchor AV valves to papillary
muscles

Heart Valves
Aortic semilunar valve lies between the left
ventricle and the aorta
Pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the right
ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into
the ventricles

Heart Valves

Figure 18.8a, b

Heart Valves

Valve Anatomy
The AV valves, the
tricuspid and bicuspid
(mitral) valves

AV Valve Mechanics
Ventricles relax, pressure drops, semilunar valves
close, AV valves open, blood flows from atria to
ventricles
Ventricles contract, AV valves close (papillary m.
contract and pull on chordae tendineae to prevent
prolapse), pressure rises, semilunar valves open,

blood flows into great vessels

Operation of Atrioventricular Valves

Operation of Semilunar Valves

Blood Flow Through Heart

Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and

Lungs
Right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle
Right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary arteries lungs
Lungs pulmonary veins left atrium
Left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle
Left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta
Aorta systemic circulation

Conduction pathway
Heart rate fluctuations
Sympathetic
Cardiac nerve
Norepinephrine
(Na+, Ca++ influx)
Parasympathetic
Vagus nerve
Acetycholine (K+ efflux)

Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System

Approximately 1% of cardiac muscle cells are
autorhythmic rather than contractile
75/min
40-60/min

30/min

Intrinsic Conduction System

Function: initiate & distribute impulses so heart

depolarizes & contracts in orderly manner from
atria to ventricles.
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibers

Pulse
Pulse
pressure wave
of blood
Monitored at
pressure
points where
pulse is easily
palpated
Figure 11.16
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Slide 11.35

TERIMA KASIH