EME Unit 2 Turbines PPT by Kalyan Chakravarthy

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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
Turbo Machine is
defined as a
extracts energy from
device that
a continuously
flowing fluid by the dynamic
action of one
or more rotating
elements .
The prefix turbo is a Latin word

meaning
spin or whirl implying
that turbo
machines
rotate in
some way.
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Types of Turbines
1.
2.
3.
Steam Turbines
Gas Turbines (Combustion Turbines)
Water (Hydraulic) Turbines
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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
Steam Turbines
A steam turbine is mainly used as an ideal prime mover in

which heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy in
the form of rotary motion.
A steam turbine is used in

1.
2.
3.
Electric power generation in thermal power plants.

Steam power plants.
To propel the ships, submarines.
In steam turbines, the heat energy of the steam is first

converted into kinetic (velocity) energy which in turn is
transformed into mechanical energy of rotation and then
drives the generator for the power generation.
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Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION
PAPERS
Based on action of steam or type of expansion:

1.
2.
3.
Impulse or velocity or De Laval turbine

Reaction or pressure or Parsons turbine
Combination turbine
Based on number of stages:

1.
Single stage turbine 2. Multi-stage turbine
Based on type of steam flow:

1.
Axial flow turbine
2. Radial flow turbine



. The steam is made to fall

in
its
pressure
by
expanding in a nozzle. Due
to this fall in pressure, a
certain amount of heat
energy is converted into
kinetic energy, which sets
the steam to flow with a
greater velocity.
The rapidly moving particles of the steam enter the

rotating part of the turbine, where it undergoes a
change in the direction of motion, which gives rise
to a change of momentum and therefore a force.
This constitutes the driving force of the turbine.

Impulse Turbines
Laval Turbine)
(De
In this type of turbine, steam is

initially
expanded in a nozzle from high
pressure to
low pressure. High velocity jet
of steam coming out of the nozzle is made to
glide
over a curved vane, called Blade.

10
The jet of steam gliding over the blade gets

deflected very closely to surface. This causes the
particles of steam to suffer a change in the direction
of motion, which gives rise to a change of momentum
and therefore a force, which will be centrifugal in
nature.
Resultant of all these centrifugal forces
acting
on the entire curved surface of the
blade causes
it to move.

11
VH
NOZZLE
PH
HIGH PRESSURE
STEAM
EXHAUST
STEAM
VL
PL
Velocity
Variation
Pressure
Variation
TURBINE
SHAFT
MOVING
BLADES
Schematic of Impulse Turbine
Nozzle
Rotor
Blades
Pressure-Velocity diagram in Impulse

Turbine

PAPERS
12
Principle of working In this type of turbine, the

high pressure steam does
not initially expand in the
nozzle as in the case of
impulse
turbine,
but
instead directly passes
onto the moving blades.

PAPERS
13
Blade shapes of reaction

turbines are designed in such
a way that the steam flowing
between the blades will be
subjected
to
the
nozzle
effect. Hence, the pressure of
the steam drops continuously
as it flows over the blades
causing,
simultaneous
increase in the velocity of the
steam.
14
Reaction force:
force
is due to the change in
momentum relative velocity
of the steam while passing
over the blade passage.
Centrifugal force:
force
is the force acting on the
blade due to change in
radius of steam entering
and leaving the turbine.
Resultant force:
force
is the resultant of Reaction
force and Centrifugal force.
PAPERS
15
Fixed Blade
Moving Blade

PAPERS
16
Difference between Impulse & Reaction Turbines
Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine
The steam expands

(pressure drops) completely
in nozzles or in the fixed
blades
The steam expands both in

the fixed and moving blades
continuously as it flows over
them
The blades have

symmetrical profile of
uniform section
The blades have converging

(aerofoil) profile
The steam pressure while

passing over the blades
remains constant
The steam pressure while

passing over the blades
gradually drops
Because of large initial

pressure drop, the steam
and turbine speeds are very
Because of gradual pressure

drop, the steam and turbine
speeds are low
17

Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine
Power is obtained only

Power is obtained due to
due to the impulsive force impulsive force of
of the incoming steam
incoming steam as well as
reaction of exit steam
Suitable for small capacity
of power generation &
occupies less space per
unit power
Suitable for medium &

high capacity power
generation and occupies
more space per unit power
Efficiency is lesser
Compounding is
necessary to reduce
speed
Efficiency is higher
Compounding is not
necessary

18
Compounding of Impulse Turbines
As the complete expansion of steam takes in one stage
(i.e., the entire pressure drop from high pressure to low

pressure takes place in only one set of nozzles), the turbine
rotor rotates at very high speed of about 30,000 rpm

(K.E. is fully absorbed).
High speed poses number of technical difficulties like

destruction of machine by the large centrifugal forces
developed, increase in vibrations, quick overheating of
blades, impossibility of direct coupling to other
machines,
machines etc.
To overcome the above difficulties, the expansion of
steam is performed in several stages.
19
Utilization of the high pressure energy of the

steam by expanding it in successive stages is
called Compounding.
Methods of Compounding:
Velocity compounding (Curtis Impulse Turbine)
Pressure compounding
Pressure-velocity compounding

20
Velocity compounding
Comprise of nozzles and two or more rows
of moving blades arranged in series. In
between two rows of moving blades, one
set of guide (fixed) blades are suitably
arranged.
Guide (fixed) blades are fixed to casing

and are stationary.

21
N Nozzle
M Moving Blade
F Fixed Blade
Velocity Compounding (Curtis Impulse Turbine)

22
Consists
of two stage of nozzles

followed by two rows of moving blades.

23
Pressure Compounding

24
Pressure-Velocity Compounding
(Combined Impulse Turbine)
A Axial clearance, N Nozzle, M Moving Blade, F Fixed Blade

Pi and Pe Pressure at inlet & exit, Vi and Ve - Velocity at inlet & exit
Total pressure drop is divided into two stages & the total
velocity obtained in each stage is also compounded
25

26

27
A Gas turbine uses the hot gases of combustion

directly to produce the mechanical power.
Fuels used - Kerosene, coal, coal gas, bunker oil,
gasoline, producer gas, etc.,
Classification:
1.
2.
Open cycle gas turbine

Closed cycle gas turbine

28
Applications
Gas turbines are used in:
Electric power generation plants
Steel, oil and chemical industries
Aircrafts, Ship propulsion
Turbo jet and turbo-propeller engines like rockets,
missiles, space ships etc.,

29
Open cycle gas turbine:

The entire flow of the working substance
comes from atmosphere and is returned
to the atmosphere back in each cycle.
Closed cycle gas turbine:

The flow of the working substance of
specified mass is
confined within the cyclic path. ( Air or Helium is the working
substance)

30
COMPRESSOR:
draws in air and compress it before it is fed
into combustion chamber
COMBUSTOR:
fuel is added to the compressed air and
burnt to produce high velocity exhaust gas
TURBINE:
extracts energy from exhaust gas
31

32

33

PAPERS
34

PAPERS
35

PAPERS
36
Difference between open & closed cycle turbine

Open cycle
Closed cycle
Lesser thermal efficiency

Loss of working fluid
Higher
No loss of working
fluid
Bigger in size
Big compressor is needed
Smaller
Smaller one is
sufficient
Possibility of corrosion of blades and

rotor
Free from corrosion
Economical
Exhaust gases from turbine exit to
atmosphere
Not economical
Fed back into the
cycle

37
Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical
PAPERS
38
Hospitals
Hospitals
PAPERS
39
Pulp
Pulp and
and Paper
Paper
PAPERS
40

PAPERS
41

PAPERS
42
It is a prime mover, which converts hydro power (energy

of water) into mechanical energy and further into hydroelectric power.

PAPERS
43
Classification of Water
Turbines
Based on action of water:

1.
2.
Impulse turbine pelton wheel.

Reaction turbine francis and kaplan.
Based on name of originator:

1.
2.
3.
Pelton turbine or Pelton wheel

Francis turbine
Kaplan turbine
Based on head of water:

1.
2.
3.
Low head turbine

Medium head turbine
High head turbine

PAPERS
44
Pelton Turbine
(Pelton Wheel or Free Jet Turbine)
High head, tangential flow, horizontal shaft,
impulse turbine

PAPERS
45
PELTON TURBINE
PAPERS
46
Pelton Turbine Runner

PAPERS
47

PAPERS
48
Only a part of the pressure energy of

the water is converted into K.E. and the
rest remains as pressure head.

PAPERS
49
First, the water passes to the guide

vanes which guide or deflect the water
to enter the blades, called moving
blades, mounted on the turbine wheel,
without shock.
The water from the guide blades are
deflected on to the moving blades,
where
its part of the pressure energy is
converted into K.E., which will be
absorbed by the turbine wheel. The water
leaving the moving blades will be at a low
pressure.
PAPERS
50
The difference in pressure between the

entrance and the exit of the moving blades is
called Reaction pressure, which acts on moving
blades of the turbine wheel and sets up the
turbine wheel into rotation in the opposite
direction.
Examples: Francis turbine,
turbine Kaplan turbine,
turbine
Propeller turbine,
turbine Thompson turbine, Bulb
turbine.

PAPERS
51
Francis Turbine
Mixed flow, medium head reaction turbine.

Consists of a spiral casing enclosing a number of
stationary guide blades fixed all round the
circumference of an inner ring of moving blades
(vanes) forming the runner,
runner which is keyed to the
turbine shaft.
Radial entry of water along the periphery of the
runner and discharge at the center of the runner at
low pressure through the diverging conical tube
called draft tube.

PAPERS
52
FRANCIS TURBINE
PAPERS
53
Francis Inlet Scroll, Grand Coulee Dam

PAPERS
54
Francis Runner,
Grand Coulee Dam

PAPERS
55
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FRANCIS TURBINE
&
GENERATOR
PAPERS
56

PAPERS
57
Kaplan Turbine
Axial flow, low head.
Similar to Francis turbine except the runner and draft
tube.
The runner (Boss or Hub)
Hub resembles with the
propeller of the ship, hence some times it is called
as Propeller turbine.
turbine
Water flows parallel to the axis of the shaft.

PAPERS
58
(GUIDE VANE)
(RUNNER VANE)
(SCROLL CASING)
KAPLAN TURBINE
PAPERS
59

PAPERS
60

PAPERS
61
Vertical Kaplan Turbine

(Courtesy: VERBUND-Austrian
Hydro Power)
PAPERS
62
Propeller Turbine Runner

PAPERS
63

64

EME Unit 2 Turbines PPT by Kalyan Chakravarthy

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www.bookspar.

com | Website for Students | VTU

The prefix turbo is a Latin word

www.bookspar.com | Website for Students |

A steam turbine is mainly used as an ideal prime mover in

A steam turbine is used in

Electric power generation in thermal power plants.

In steam turbines, the heat energy of the steam is first

Based on action of steam or type of expansion:

Impulse or velocity or De Laval turbine

Based on number of stages:

Single stage turbine 2. Multi-stage turbine

Based on type of steam flow:

Axial flow turbine

2. Radial flow turbine

www.bookspar.com | Website for Students |

www.bookspar.com | Website for Students |

www.bookspar.com | Website for Students |

. The steam is made to fall

The rapidly moving particles of the steam enter the

www.bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU

In this type of turbine, steam is

www.bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU

The jet of steam gliding over the blade gets

www.bookspar.com | Website for Students |

Schematic of Impulse Turbine

Pressure-Velocity diagram in Impulse

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Principle of working In this type of turbine, the

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Blade shapes of reaction

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Difference between Impulse & Reaction Turbines

The steam expands

The steam expands both in

The blades have

The blades have converging

The steam pressure while

The steam pressure while

Because of large initial

Because of gradual pressure

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Power is obtained only

Suitable for medium &

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Compounding of Impulse Turbines

As the complete expansion of steam takes in one stage

(i.e., the entire pressure drop from high pressure to low

rotor rotates at very high speed of about 30,000 rpm

High speed poses number of technical difficulties like

Utilization of the high pressure energy of the

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Guide (fixed) blades are fixed to casing

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Velocity Compounding (Curtis Impulse Turbine)

of two stage of nozzles

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A Axial clearance, N Nozzle, M Moving Blade, F Fixed Blade

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A Gas turbine uses the hot gases of combustion

Open cycle gas turbine