1

General design requirement

Load factor x Load Resistance factor x
Resistance
Difference between Working Stress
Design and Limit State Design
philosophy?
Disadvantages of Working Stress Design
The level of safety is not constant for
different types of structures
It may be unsafe if one load
counteracts the effect of other

Limit States
When

a structure or a member becomes

unfit for its intended purpose, it is said to
have reached the limit state
Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
Related to structural collapse
Loss of equilibrium, loss of bearing
capacity etc.,
Should have low failure probability

Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

Disruption of functional use
Higher failure probability may be
tolerated
3
Excessive deformation, vibration, local

Necessity for reliability based

design?
human beings cannot predict things
accurately
to quantify the uncertainties in the identified
variables
Types of uncertainties:
i. Aleatory uncertainty
ii.Epistemic uncertainty

Probability Density Function

(PDF)
represents the relative4 frequency

Typical Histogram, PDF & CDF

Load factor x Load Resistance factor x

Resistance
Probability based
Limit State Design
process involves,
Identification of all the failure modes
Determination of acceptable level of
safety against occurrence of each
limit state
Consideration of significant limit state
by the designer

Design specifications where

probability of
occurrence of unfavorable events

Probability theory

Advantages of Limit State Design

Probabilistic bases for structural

Reliability
Strength and Load are nondeterministic., Nevertheless show
statistical regularity
Reliability analysis estimates the
probability of failure of the structure
by determining whether the limit-state
functions are exceeded or not
Warning: In the presence of
uncertainty, Absolute Reliability is an
unattainable goal !....
9

Classical Reliability Theory

estimates the probability of failure of
the structure by determining whether
the limit-state functions are exceeded
or not
What are limit state functions?

Maximum B.M (S) = WL/4

B.M Capacity
(R) = fz
Limit state function(g) : fz-WL/4
In general, g = R - S
10

Classical Reliability Theory (Contd)

11

Classical Reliability Theory (Contd)

g
R S

2
2
g
R S
0

Pf

1
g

0 g
1
exp
2 g
2

Pf

( g )dg

Pf 1
12

dg

First- and Second- Order Second Moment

Method
Called as FOSM and SOSM methods
Taylors series
f ' ' a
f ' ' ' a
2
3
f x f a f ' a x a

2!

x a

3!

x a

....

Taylors series is used to linearize the

limit state function
Linearized about Mean values and
second moment (ie., variance) is the
highest statistical result used
13

Disadvantages of FOSM & SOSM methods

Different limit states yield different
reliability index
Errors are high when the limit state
function is highly non-linear
First- and Second- Order Reliability
Method
Called as FORM and SORM
Taylors series is used to linearize the
limit state function
Linearized about at a point on the
failure surface by transforming the
14
variables into reduced variables
whose

Probabilistic analysis of Imperfect

steel columns designed based
Monte-Carlo simulation technique is used for
the probabilistic analysis (one thousand
samples are simulated)
Description of variable

Mean

COV

Width of flanges
Thickness of flange and
web
Depth of web
Effective length of column
Modulus of elasticity
Yield strength of the
material

Nominal value

0.05

Distribution
assumed
Normal

Nominal value

0.05

Normal

Nominal value
Nominal value
2.0 x 105 MPa

0.05
0.05
0.10

Normal
Normal
Normal

250 MPa

0.10

Lognormal

15

Step by step procedure carried out

Generation of thousand random cross sectional
dimensions with the defined coefficient of variation for
a given section and computation of thousand crosssectional areas, moment of inertia and radius of
gyration.
Generation of thousand effective lengths and
determination of slenderness parameters.
Generation of thousand samples of initial
imperfection, Yield strength, Youngs modulus of the
material.
For each cross-section and slenderness parameter of
the column that has been generated, the load carrying
capacity is estimated
Determination of the statistical properties
of the load
16
carrying capacity of the column based on samples

Results of the probabilistic analyses of

P/Py
MAJOR AXIS
Determinis
Statistical properties of P/Py
tic

Section

ISMB
600
ISMB
250
ISMB
150
ISMB
125
ISMB
100

IS:8
002
007

SSR
Mean SD
C -1

0.325 0.972 0.974

0.757 0.819 0.857
1.272 0.487 0.580
1.510 0.368 0.418

COV

SK

CU

0.973 0.005 0.006 -0.633 3.561

0.851 0.030 0.035 -0.651 3.609
0.567 0.084 0.149 -0.287 2.621
0.417 0.080 0.192 0.320 2.806

K-S
test
value

Allow
able
value
*

0.042
7
0.051
9
0.061
8
0.015
5
0.008
1

0.272 0.054 0.199 0.515 3.385

1.865 0.253 0.272
MINOR AXIS
Determinis
Statistical properties of P/Py
tic
17
Section

IS:8
K-S
SSR

0.0515

Probability of exceedance of actual

strength
Section

ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB

600
250
150
125
100

ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB

600
450
250
200
175

Probability
Probability (Design) ##
#
(Theoretical)
EUROCODE
IS:800EUROCOD
IS:800-2007
3
2007
E3
MAJOR AXIS
0.406
0.529
3.06E-69
6.81E-67
0.142
0.142
6.96E-05
6.96E-05
0.170
0.170
0.055
0.055
0.289
0.289
0.145
0.145
0.397
0.397
0.228
0.228
MINOR AXIS
0.662
0.734
0.110
0.154
0.488
0.531
0.183
0.213
0.458
0.458
0.196
0.196
0.446
0.446
0.237
0.237
0.423
0.423
0.223
0.223
18

Recommendations
partial safety factors should be made
a function of to achieve uniform
reliability in the design of compression
members.
For major axis buckling, * = 1.184
For minor axis buckling, * =
1.197+0.003

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Status of IS 800:2007
How far IS 800:2007 differ from
International Standards?
Are the partial safety factors of IS 8002007 satisfactory?
Are the interaction equations to check
the stability criteria of a beam-column
is consistent with Eurocode:3?

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Thank you

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