Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
D. WRITING PROCESS
Writing is a process of thoughts, feelings,
and senses toward attitude representation.
This means that in its process, this
language skill involves the three domains
or areas of thinking (cognitive), feeling
(affective), and action (psycho-motor).
These three domains interact one another.
D. WRITING PROCESS
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NO
Writing
Focus
Writing 2
Essay Writing
Topic sentence
Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement
Paragraph Writing:
elements &
organization
Developmental
Paragraph
Paragraph
development
Paragraph development
(Discourse: Essay/Paper)
Business
Correspondence
Report Writing
01.
Sentence Patterns
Writing 1
compound, complex
sentences; sentence
agreement, parallelism
02.
A Paragraph
Introduction to
paragraph
03.
04.
05.
Paper (Academic)
Writing
06.
Style, Words
Transitional &
content words.
Sentence style,
technical/academic
words/terms
Topics
Meeting 1
Meeting 2
Meeting 3
Meeting 4
Meeting 5
Meeting 6
Meeting 7
Meeting 8
Meeting 9
Meeting 10
00.
Introduction
To Academic
Writing
1. Essay
Organization
2. Logical
Division of
Ideas
Independent
writing, class
Discussion
3. Supporting
an Opinion
4. Comparison
and Contrast
5. Personal
Narrative
Independent
writing, class
discussion
6. More about
Comparison
and Contrast
7.
Summarizing
and Reacting
to What You
have read and
written
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THESIS STATEMENT
As you get closer to writing, you can begin to shape the information you have at hand into a
unified, coherent whole by framing a thesis statement for your paper: a single sentence that
formulates both your topic and your point of view. In a sense, the thesis statement is your
answer to the central question or problem you have raised. Writing this statement will enable
you to see where you are heading and to remain on a productive path as you plan and write. Try
out different possibilities until you find a statement that seems right for your purpose. Moreover,
since the experience of writing may well alter your original plans, do not hesitate to revise the
thesis statement as you write the paper or thesis.
Two factors are important to the shaping of a thesis statementyour purpose and your audience:
What purpose will you try to achieve in the paper? Do you want to describe something, explain
something, argue for a certain point of view, or persuade your reader to think or do something?
What audience are you writing for? Is your reader a specialist on the subject? someone likely to
agree or disagree with you? someone likely to be interested or uninterested in the subject?
The answers to these questions should to a large extent give your research writing the
appropriate slant or point of view not just in your thesis statement but also in the final outline and
the paper itself.
The following sample is a thesis statement for a topic: Using Library and Other Information
Sources:
Students who wish to write successful research papers must know as much as possible about
the resources and services of the library, such as its central catalog or central information
system, the reference works in the collection, and the location of materials.
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Effective writing
Effective writing depends as much on clarity and readability as on content. The organization
and development of your ideas, the unity and coherence of your presentation, and your command
of sentence structure, grammar, and diction are all important, as are the mechanics of writing
capitalization, spelling, punctuation, italics (underlining), names of persons, numbers, titles of
work, quotations, capitalization and personal names in languages other than English.
The key to successful communication is using the right language for the audience you are
addressing. In all writing, the challenge is to find the words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and
paragraphs that express your thoughts and ideas precisely and that make them interesting to
others.
Because good scholarship requires objectivity, careful writers of research papers avoid language
that implies unsubstantiated or irrelevant generalizations about such personal qualities as age,
economic, class, ethnicity, sexual orientation, political or religious belief, race, or sex. Discussions
about this subject have generally focused on wording that labeled sexist. For example, many
writers no longer use he, him, or his to express a meaning that includes women or girls: If a
young artist is not confident, he can quickly become discouraged. This use of he, him, or
his can often be avoided through a revision that recasts the sentence into the plural or that
eliminates the pronoun: If young artists are not confident, they can quickly become
discouraged. Or A young artist who is not confident can quickly become discouraged.
Another technique is to make the discussion refer to a person who is identified, so that there is a
reason to use a specific singular pronoun. He or she and her or him are cumbersome
alternatives to be used sparingly. Many authors now also avoid terms that unnecessarily
integrate a persons sex with a job or role. For instance, anchorman, policewoman, stewardess,
and poetess are commonly replaced with anchor, police officer, flight attendant, and poet, which
can apply to both men and women.
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Sample 5
Stages of Adjustment
Someone who goes to stay in a foreign country, whether it is for a
short time or forever, passes through several stages of adjusting to the
newness of the culture. If the stay is going to be short, the person
moves quickly through the stages. If the stay will be long, the stages
last longer. Even children, who seem more adaptable than adults,
go through the adjustment cycle, though they pass through it rather
quickly.
The first stage of adjustment begins before the travelers even leave
home. During this stage they form ideas and images of what life in the
new country will be like. In a way, they imagine themselves into the
new way of life. It is a way to begin adjusting to the change.
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Sample 6
Ways To Pass Through The Newness of The Culture
To visit and to stay in a new or foreign country for the first time may make you
surprised, shock, or even panic. Whether the stay is short or long, there will be
inconvenient experience to undergo. This happens because of the newness of many
things, such as the people you meet, the food to eat, and the way of life to adjust for.
Difficulties is encountered in that there are doubts and insecure believing in different
styles, behaviors, or customs which are called the culture. However, you should be
making yourself adaptable to this new culture and, in the process, there are at least
three stages of adjustment should be realized and recognized. The success to pass
through the stages of adjusting yourself will make you successful and be comfortable
to stay.
At first, what to be aware of is that the adjustment stage usually begins pre-departure
which means you know a good way to experience a feeling of uneasy before you
leave home. If you are able to realize this, you are ready enough and strong that you
form ideas and images of what life is like in the new country. By this, you yourself
imagine the new way of life. This is the stage to begin adjusting to the changes.
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The second experience is the stage when you arrive in the foreign country. Although
everything is new and not very interesting, you will be aware and understand the
difficult situation. It is common that you will be tensely confused of many things, and
this may make you passive, or just a spectator. One way to cope with such this
condition is by making the new situation be natural and be logical that this is common
to happen to everyone who experiences it. In addition, you should be brave enough
to face the changes through learning-by-doing stay technique. That is trying to learn
by reading the source of information about a place, a name, etc. and visiting or
meeting to talk with the people for correct information. This is a good practice to the
newness of the culture.
The next stage comes when you spend more time in the new situation. Following the
first and second stages of adjustment is the stage to force you to participate in the
new culture or way of life. You will be the participant who is active entering into the
life where you stay. Anyway, you must again realize that the process to this stage is
not as easy as you may think. To be successful you need to participate in any
activities or programs of the community where you stay or live. However, you will
experience difficult time to adjust that, for example, the community are still not
automatically accept you as the member in the community.
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The measure of a nation's greatness lies in its ability to reconcile its diversity.
There continue to be many things wrong with this country. Every day, this and other newspapers report an endless stream of injustices
that occur across the archipelago. Still, amid all that is wrong it is heartening to find some things so gloriously right.
The continued outpouring of benevolence for victims of the tsunami in northern Sumatra is one such thing. It marks a triumph not only
for Indonesians, but humanity as a whole. Without prejudice to religion or race, people donated and contributed whatever they could to
comfort those in need.
The upcoming two-day national holiday is another measure of how far this country has come. The commemoration of the Chinese New
Year and the Islamic New Year, which fall on consecutive days, shows that plurality can work without the imposition of stringent
controls, as was the case during the New Order era.
Less than a decade ago such adjoining public events would have been unthinkable. Chinese cultural traditions were considered taboo.
Under a misguided political pretext -- related to the anti-communist hysteria -- anything that was even vaguely connected to Chinese
culture was frowned upon.
Few even stopped to ask what Chinese culture, one of the oldest and most revered in human history, had to do with modern
Communism?
Generations of Indonesians of Chinese descent were forced to suppress their heritage and forsake their identity. The politically correct
phrase of the day was "assimilation", but in practice it was closer to discrimination.
President Abdurrahman Wahid was the first to ease the cultural restrictions in 2000 by allowing ethnic Chinese to resume and
celebrate their cultural identity. President Megawati Soekarnoputri went a step further in providing the ultimate acknowledgement of
Chinese culture by declaring the Lunar New Year a national holiday.
The stereotypes have not been completely jettisoned from ignorant minds, but formal acceptance of Chinese culture is a tremendous
leap forward. Even non-ethnic Chinese can now enjoy the richness of the occasion.
In similar fashion, the Islamic New Year generates distinct rites and ceremonies that may not be strictly religious in nature.
Satu Suro festivities, for example, always draw a large crowd at the sultan's palace in Yogyakarta, where a hodgepodge of animism
and Islamic rituals are intertwined with each other.
Each religion or faith is distinct. One cannot interchange between them. But distinctiveness does not have to lead to differences. Our
sense of identity, as Indonesians, draws upon this richness of cultures and faiths, whether or not a person feels tangible links to them.
The ethnic Chinese can appreciate and respect the Islamic New Year just as much as Muslims can enjoy the colorful festivities of
Imlek.
Because whether it is the Year of the Rooster or 1426 Hijriah on the Islamic calender, everyone is commemorating and praying for a
safe and prosperous 2005.
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Major concerns in an extradition treaty traditionally involved several issues such as: Reciprocity, double criminality,
extraditable offense, speciality and non-inquiry. Reciprocity deals with a quid-pro-quo performance of extradition,
which means that extradition provisions will give obligations to a state similar to another. A double criminality
principle requires the action to be punishable under the law of both states.
Under the double criminality principle, extradition from the Requesting State can be refused if in the Requested
State, the act is not considered as a crime. Extraditable offenses is one key provision that often cause dispute
among states, as the definition of criminalized actions may not be entirely similar in both states. The specialty rule
regulates that an individual may only be prosecuted under a certain crime and that his extradition is not
transferable to a third state.
Our interest in the extradition treaty with Singapore is more or less to prevent a graft suspect or convict from
escaping the reach of our legal system. On the other hand, as a country with a relatively clean government and
an ally of the United States, Singapore's interests are likely to be to capture alleged terrorists that threaten their
security. They have less interest in corruption issues.
If the government wishes to include acts of terrorism as an extraditable offense under the treaty, then it is likely to
risk a nationwide protest as these charges of terrorism could involve Islamic fundamentalists.
A majority of Indonesian Muslims would still consider terrorism a Western-fabricated issue to corner Islamic
movements in their fight against Western domination and colonialization. Imagine what would happen if
Singapore requested Ustadz Ba'asyir's extradition.
From legal perspective, the criminalization of terrorism itself is still a subject of academic debate.
Indonesia anti-terrorism law for example, defined terrorism as "an act which deliberately entails violence or a
threat of violence so as to cause widespread terror or fear among the community or to cause widespread
fatalities". Therefore, under our existing law, people caught spreading last year's urban myth about the kolor ijo
(green underwear) ghost that raped virgins and could only be prevented by obtaining yellow bamboo (presumably
intended to refer a particular color of a political party during last year's election) -- should be punished as terrorist
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Given the loose definition of terrorism and the politically sensitive nature of the issue, we suggest that terrorism
should not be listed as an extraditable offense under any extradition treaty to which Indonesia is a party,
especially an extradition treaty with Singapore.
As has been previously elaborated, any treaty with Singapore would only have a minimum impact toward
eradicating corruption.
It is actually Singapore that has more interest in the treaty because of the potential terrorist strikes on their
territory.
The International Crisis Group once listed Indonesia as a international safe haven for terrorist recruitment so it is
likely that Singapore would bargain hard to make terrorism an extraditable crime.
We also must reform our own internal legal system to cope with extraditions. With the absence of any specific
legislation pertaining to extradition, we have put every individual's rights in danger as the competent authority in
deciding on extraditions in our country lies in the hands of the executive branch. The case of Mohamad Al
Farouq's extradition to Guantanamo by our police and intelligence officers a few years ago is a violation of what is
regarded in common law as a habeas corpus right.
Decisions to extradite should be in the hands of the judicial system, or in other words, the courts. Although Al
Farouq is an alleged terrorist and possibly a national of a third state, he should not be deprived of his habeas
corpus rights. By transferring him into the hands of foreign intelligence officers and putting him somewhere in
Guantanamo, this country has conspired to violate his human rights, undermining the presumption of innocence
principle and denying him access to justice.
It is therefore wiser that we fix our internal legal system while we negotiate the extradition treaty.
Bambang Widjojanto (wdj-shj.ass@cbn.net.id) is a former chairman of Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation and
former consultant for the UNDP.
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Who is a Lecturer?
A lecturer is an academic figure in higher
education that he/she is excellent person at
his/her position. As many professionals have
believed that he/she is a member of the faculty
of a college or university usually having qualified
status without rank or tenure. This professional
person is an active facilitator, reader and writer
besides a teacher, researcher, advisor, or a
supervisor. His/her profession specifically deals
with teaching, research, and public services.
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