Dial Up Internet Access:-

This lets you login to another remote computer system, usually via
modem and telephone, that is itself connected to the internet. You
normally run programs on the remote system to gain access to
internet services. Because you typically dial-up from a terminal
emulation software, you are restricted to text mode programs only.
This means that, for example, you can only use a text-based web
browser to explore the World Wide Web.

1. When you run a ftp client with host dial-up, the files you receive are
stored on the remote computer (which you later download using
modem or a similar file transfer protocol.
2. With host dial-up access, you must run the web browser (a text based
program like Lynx) on the remote computer.
3. Using Dial Up ,you can’t run server applications on your PC such as
a FTP server so that users elsewhere on the internet can send or
retrieve files from you.
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) –
The Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) is a mostly obsolete
encapsulation of the Internet Protocol designed to work over serial
ports and modem connections.
On PCs, SLIP has been largely replaced by the Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP), which is better engineered, has more features and
does not require its IP address configuration to be set before it is
established.
On microcontrollers, however, SLIP is still the preferred way of
encapsulating IP packets due to its very small overhead.
Limitations of SLIP:-
1. Slower
2. No Error Control is provided by SLIP. It depends on higher layer
protocols of the error control purpose.
3. Does not support data compression
PPP
PPP ….
PPP, is a data link protocol commonly used
to establish a direct connection between two
nodes over serial cable, phone line, trunk
line, cellular telephone, specialized radio
links, or fiber optic links.
PPP ……
• Most Internet service providers use PPP
for customers' dial-up access to the
Internet.
• Two common encapsulated forms of PPP,
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
(PPPoE) or Point-to-Point Protocol over
ATM (PPPoA), are used in a similar role
with Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Internet
service.
PPP …………..
• PPP is commonly used to act as a data
link layer protocol for connection over
synchronous and asynchronous circuits,
where it has largely superseded the older,
non-standard Serial Line Internet Protocol
(SLIP), and telephone company mandated
standards.
• PPP is described by Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) RFC 1661.
 Protocols of PPP Group:-
1. LCP- Link establishment
2. PAP or CHAP- Authentication purpose- CHAP is more secure.
3. NCP :- Network Control Protocol
4. IPCP :- IP Control Protocol ( To transmit the data)
5. IPXCP:- IPX Control Protocol ( To transmit the data)
6. PPP :- Point to Point Protocol
PPP …..
• Link Control Protocol (LCP) is an integral
part of PPP, and defined in the same
standard specification. LCP provides
automatic configuration of the interfaces at
each end and for selecting optional
authentication. The LCP protocol runs
atop PPP (with PPP protocol number
0xC021)
PPP ….
• PPP permits multiple network layer protocols to operate
on the same communications link. For every network
layer protocol used, a separate Network Control Protocol
(NCP) is provided in order to encapsulate and negotiate
options for the multiple network layer protocols.

For example, Internet Protocol (IP) uses the IP Control

Protocol (IPCP), and Internetwork Packet Exchange
(IPX) uses the Novell IPX Control Protocol (IPXCP).
NCPs include fields containing standardized codes to
indicate the network layer protocol type that PPP
encapsulates.
PPP …
• Link Control Protocol initiates and
terminates connections gracefully, allowing
hosts to negotiate connection options. It also
supports both byte- and bit-oriented
encodings.
• Network Control Protocol is used for
negotiating network-layer information, e.g.
network address or compression options,
after the connection has been established.
PPP frame
 PPP frame..
• The Protocol field indicates the kind of payload packet
(e.g. LCP, PAP/CHAP,NCP, IP, IPX, etc.). So we will
have to pass the no of the protocol whose packet is to be
transmitted using PPP protocol.
• The Information field contains the PPP payload; it has a
variable length with a negotiated maximum called the
Maximum Transmission Unit. By default the maximum is
1500 bytes.
• It might be padded on transmission; if the information for
a particular protocol can be padded, that protocol must
allow information to be distinguished from padding.
• PPP frames are encapsulated in a lower-layer protocol
that provides framing and may provide other functions
such as a checksum to detect transmission errors.
PPP line activation and states
 PPP line activation and states
• Dead (or idle), no active connection or carrier.
• Establish, where Link Control Protocol negotiation
begins.
• Authenticate, where two terminal points authenticate
each other. Either PAP, or CHAP protocol comes in use
at this point.
• Network, where the appropriate
Network Control Protocol is invoked. IPCP is used to
establish IP service over the network
• Open, where data transport takes place.
• Terminate, where the connection requires termination.
 Summary of IEEE project 802 LAN
• IEEE 802.1 : defines an architectural overview of LANs
• 802: Defines the logical link control, which describes
services for the transmission of data between two nodes.
• 803: defines the carrier sense multiple access/ collision
detection access method commonly referred to as
Ethernet. Supplements include 802.3c(10 Mbps Ethernet),
802.3u(100 mbps- fast Ethernet), 802.3ae (10 Gigabit
Ethernet)
• 804: Defines the token bus network access method.
• 805: defines the logical ring LAN that uses a token passing
access method, known also token ring
• 806: MAN
• 807: broadband LANs(capable of delivering video, data
and voice traffic)
 Conti…
• 809: defines integrated digital and video
networking- Integrated Services LANs
• 802.10: Interoperability LAN/MAN security
services
• 802.11: defines standards for wireless media
access control
• 802.12: defines the “demand priority” access
method for 100 Mbps lans, also know as
100BASE –VG
• 802.14: TV based broadband communication