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Basic Surveyors Course

2005 Mike Meadows Consultancy


Revisions
2007 APS Technology, Inc.

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Introduction
Survey References
Surveying Tools
More Surveying Terms
Quality Controls
Surveying Calculations
TRC

Section 1

Introduction

A Surveyors Job
There are worse jobs!

Why Survey a well?


To hit geologic targets
To avoid collision with other wells, especially
during platform drilling
To define the target of a relief well in the event of
a blowout
To provide a better definition of geological and
reservoir data to allow for production optimization
To fulfill the requirements of local legislation, e.g.
Texas Railroad Commission

What do surveys do?


Measure the inclination and direction at the
bottom of the hole to determine where the well is
heading
Determine orientation of tool face of deflection
tools or steerable systems
Calculate well coordinates at a series of
measured depths to accurately specify the well
path and current location
Identify dog legs and allow calculation of dogleg
severity values

What is actually measured?


Inclination
Direction (Azimuth)
Depth

Inclination

A number from 0 to 1800


00 is straight down
900 is horizontal
"The inclination of a
borehole at a point is the
angle between the
borehole axis and the
vertical"

200

Direction

Which way is the well


pointed?
Direction is the angle
between a reference
direction and a
tangent to the
horizontal projection
of the well at the point
of interest"

Direction
Quadrant
Number from 0 to 90
measured east or west
of north or south
e.g., S40W
Older system

Azimuth
Most common
Number from 0 to 360
degrees, measured
clockwise from North
e.g., 220

30

30

60

60
E90

90W
60

60
30

S
N

330
300

30
30
60
E90

270W
240
210

S
180

120
150

Map Projections
A good approximation of the shape
of the earth is that of a spheroid
(flattened sphere)
The location of a point on a
spheroid can be described by two
angles.
Latitude is the angle between a line
joining the point to the center of the
spheroid and the equatorial plane.
Longitude is the angle between a
plane containing the point and the
axis of rotation and another plane
containing an arbitrary reference
point and the axis of rotation.

Polar flattening

Longitude
Lines of Longitude are lines
drawn through the north and
south poles, and are called
meridians.
They measure distance east
and west of the prime meridian
which was established near
Greenwich, England.
The prime meridian is the 00
line. Longitude measures 00 to
1800 east and 00 to 1800 west
Eastern and western
hemispheres meet at1800 the
International Date Line

Latitude
Lines of latitude are
drawn around the
earth parallel to the
Equator. They are
called parallels.
They are equally
spaced in degrees not
miles.
The equator is 00 and
the poles are 900.

Position
Latitude lines are
typically shown for
every 10 degrees,
starting at the
equator; the longitude
lines are shown for
every 15 degrees,
starting at the prime
meridian.
What is the position at
the green dot?

Answer:
Answer:
20N
20N
45E
45E

Map Projections
A map projection is used to portray all or part of
the round Earth on a flat surface. This cannot be
done without some distortion.
Every projection has its own set of advantages
and disadvantages. There is no "best" projection.
The mapmaker must select the one best suited
to the needs, reducing distortion of the most
important features.

Map Projections
Different kinds Mercator, Conic,
Polyconic, Lambert's Conformal
Mercator based on a cylinder, only true
at equator, useful for navigators
Lambert's maps used by military and basis
of US Aeronautical charts.

Conic Projection
Lambert Conformal Conic map is made by
projecting the globe onto a cone.
"Conformal" means that this map represents the
shape of limited areas accurately
Used to show parts of globe that run east west at
middle latitudes e.g. United States

Mercator Projection
Mercator map is very common
For areas close to equator, map accurately
represents the shape.
Badly distorts landmass at the poles Alaska
looks size of South America actually South
America is 11 times bigger than Alaska

Transverse Mercator
Projection
Similar to Mercator but orientation of cylinder is
different
Used by USGS for quadrangle maps
Universal Transverse Mercator UTM is a series of
60 Mercator projections each covering 60 of
longitude.

Section 2

Survey References

Borehole Survey
References
All measurements must be tied to fixed
reference systems
Depth References
Inclination References
Azimuth References

Depth References
Measured Depth
Distance measured along
actual course of borehole
from surface to survey
point. Pipe tally or
wireline depth counter.

True Vertical Depth TVD


Vertical distance from
depth reference level to a
point on the borehole
course. Usually a
calculated value.

RKB
While drilling it is convenient
to use the top of the rotary
table as the working depth
reference. This is called
Rotary Kelly Bushing (RKB)
Offshore, mean sea level
(MSL) is sometimes used
On floating rigs, a mean RKB
is used

RKB

Inclination Reference
Inclination is the angle
between vertical and
the tangent to the well
bore axis at a particular
point
Convention is 00 is
vertical 900 is horizontal
Inclination may be >90
for some horizontal
wells
Sometimes called Drift

Azimuth References
Three systems
Magnetic North
True (Geographic) North
Grid North

All magnetic type tools initially measure


azimuth referenced to Magnetic North
Magnetic North is constantly changing, so
final calculated coordinates are always
referenced to either True North or Grid
North to obtain a stable reference.

True North
True North: Is a line from any
point of the earth's surface to
the geographic north pole. All
lines of longitude are true north.
True north is depicted in the
declination diagram by a line
with a star. The top of USGS
topographic map sheets are
oriented to true north.

Grid North
True North
G

G
a

Central Meridian

Grid North: The north


directional on a map
Grid North is identical to
True North only at
specified meridians.
All other points must be
corrected for convergence
(the angle between Grid
North and True North at
any given location).

Magnetic Declination
Magnetic Declination is the angle between true
north and magnetic north at any point on the earth
Magnetic north moves every day.

Magnetic Declination

West
Declination

ic
on
Ag

East Declination

Lin
e

Declination changes
with location on earth
and time
To determine
declination, you need
to know if magnetic
north is east or west
of true north from the
location
Stated as an angle
and whether E or W

Magnetic Declination
Also referred to as variation,
magnetic variation and compass
variation
Mathematical models exist to
calculate declination at any point
on earth at any date International
Geomagnetic Reference Field
(IGRF) are produced every 5
years. 2005 is the latest.

East Declination
East declinations occur when magnetic north lies
east of true north with respect to the location.
True for any location west of the zero declination
(Agonic) line e.g. west Texas, California
Value is added to magnetic reading
Example - Declination of a location in
Bakersfield, CA is 130 38' E, magnetic survey
reading is 1380 04' azimuth azimuth with
reference to true north is 1510 42'

West Declination
West declinations occur when magnetic north
lies west of true north with respect to the
location.
True for any location east of the zero declination
(Agonic) line e.g. Florida, Georgia
Value is subtracted from magnetic reading
Example - Declination of a location in Mobile
Bay, AL is 00 45' W, magnetic survey reading is
2450 04' azimuth azimuth with reference to true
north is 2440 19'
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/geomag/declination.shtml

Declination Memory Aid


CADET
Compass to True Add East

CADET

Grid Convergence
True North
G

G
a

Central Meridian

When maps are created,


coordinates must be
transferred from a sphere to
a flat surface
Depending upon the
projection used, there will be
a distortion between true
north and map or Grid North
Convergence is the angle
between grid north and true
north for the location being
considered.

Toolface
Used with deflection tools or steerable
motors
Can be physically marked on a tool
scribe line
"Toolface Orientation" is the angular
measurement of a deflection tool with
respect to either up (highside) or to North

Highside Toolface

Up
(High side)
Line
Scribe

Also referred to as Gravity


Toolface
Indicates whether the toolface of
a deflection tool is facing up 00
or down 1800 or any angle from
left or right of highside.
Used once a wellbore has an
angle of greater than 30 to 50 of
inclination

Tool Face

Magnetic Toolface
Only used at very low inclination angles typically
<40
Used when kicking off from a straight well.
Simply tells driller which direction the well is
facing.

Offset Toolface
The directional measurement device in some
tools will have a offset between it and the
deflection tool's scribe line. The is called the
Offset Tool Face
It is usually measured in the derrick while making
up the bottom hole assembly
OTF = Measured offset x 360
Circumference

Section 3

Surveying Tools

Tool Types
Inclination Only Drift Tools
Magnetic Survey Tools
Gyroscopic survey tools

Drift Tools
Totco Drift original clockwork pendulum
device. Wireline deployed.
Teledrift part of Bottom Hole Assembly
(BHA) replacing a drill collar transmits
inclination at connection time
Anderdrift competitor to Teledrift

Magnetic Survey Tools


Can be Single Shot one reading, or Multishot
many readings
Can be electronic or photomechanical
Can be wireline run or pumped down
Wireline steering tools provide continuous survey
information transmitted by an electrical conductor
run inside the drill pipe
Surveyors usually use solid-state devices.

Steering Tool
Used with mud motors and
bent sub
Can either pull every stand
or use a side entry sub for
continuous drilling

Standard
Measuring
Cable

Monel DC
Probe
Mule Shoe
Bent Sub
Mud Motor

Magnetometer
Measures earth's local
magnetic field
When placed in external
magnetic field (e.g. the
earth's) an imbalance
occurs in the core and a
voltage in the sense coil
is produced that is
proportional to the
magnetic field.

3-Axis Magnetometer
Three single-axis
magnetometers are
combined to measure
the x, y and z
magnetic fields

Accelerometers
Newton's law simply states that if
a mass, m, is undergoing an
acceleration, a, then there must
be a force F acting on the mass
and given by F = ma.
There are many types of
accelerometers, but all use
Newton's law.
Using three accelerometers
arranged at 90 degrees, the
earth's gravity vector can be
measured.

Directional Package
Combined three axis
magnetometer and
accelerometer in one
package
Calibration of sensors
with temperature and
alignment errors,
handled by k-factor
file.

my

mx
mz

ay

ax
az

Inclination Calculation

What's important is Inclination uses only the


accelerometers for the calculation.

Azimuth Calculation

Az tan

TGF hx g y hy g x

MagDecl .

hz g g g z hx g x hy g y
2
x

2
y

Where the total gravity field, TGF, is defined as:


TGF g x2 g y2 g z2

Important thing to remember is that azimuth uses


all sensors, and must have magnetic declination
added.

Gravity Toolface
Calculation
gx

GTF tan

OTF

gy

Note that only x and y accelerometers are used


for the calculation
OTF (offset tool face) (if applicable) must be
correct for GTF to be right.

Magnetic Toolface
Calculation
TGF hx g x hz
MTF tan
OTF MagDecl
TGF hy g y hz
1

Note that all sensors are used for the calculation


OTF (offset tool face) (if applicable) must be
correct for MTF to be right
Magnetic declination must also be correct for
MTF to be right

Total Magnetic Field


The Total Magnetic Field (TMF) is calculated as:

TMF hx2 hy2 hz2


Note that all magnetometers are used for the
calculation
Can be estimated ahead of time
In US Gulf Coast about 450 to 520 mGauss

Total Gravity Field


TGF = Total Gravity Field

TGF g g g
2
x

2
y

2
z

Note that all accelerometers are used for the


calculation
In US Gulf Coast about 1.0 g
Varies very little anywhere in the world.

Magnetic Dip Calculation


Because the earth's magnetic
lines of force do not run parallel
to the surface of the earth
(except at the magnetic equator)
a compass tends to point into
the earth in the Northern
Hemisphere.
The magnetic dip angle varies
with position on the earth. In Texas it's about 60 0
Also called magnetic inclination just to confuse
the novice

Section 4

More Surveying Terms

Vertical Hole
No hole is drilled exactly vertically from spud to
TD
It is generally accepted that a straight or vertical
well is one that:
Stays within the boundary of a cone, as specified by
the client (usually about 3 degrees)
Does not change direction rapidly (no more than 3
degrees per 100 feet of hole) and form a dogleg

Directional Drilling
Definition
Process of directing the wellbore along a
trajectory to a predetermined target

Directional Wells: Uses

Development work on platforms


Fault Drilling
Drilling in inaccessible or populated areas
Sidetracking and Straightening
Salt Dome Drilling
Relief Wells

Sidetrack
If the target location changes,
for whatever reason, but the
surface location stays the
same the new well is called a
GEOLOGICAL SIDETRACK
If a sidetrack is made to
bypass an obstruction while
the surface and target
locations remain the same
this is called a MECHANICAL
SIDETRACK

Dog Leg
D.L. = cos-1[sinI1sinI2 cos(A2-A1) +
CosI1cosI2]

I1 and I2 are two successive inclination measurements


A1 and A2 are two successive azimuth measurements

Dog Leg is the total curvature of the wellbore


(changes in inclination and direction) between
two survey stations
Is measured in degrees

Dog Leg Severity


D.L.S = D.L. x 100
C.L.
D.L. is dog leg calculated between two survey stations
C.L. is measured depth between the two survey stations

Dog Leg Severity is the amount of dog leg


normalized to a standard interval usually 100 ft
Reported as degrees per 100 ft.
Often shortened to just Dog Leg
Needs to be as low as possible to avoid
sticking problems with drilling or casing

Vertical Section

Surface

Bo
tto
Po m H
s it
ion ole

A vertical profile on a well plan usually


corresponds to a plan in a plane defined by the
direction straight from the surface to the target
The direction of this plane is known as vertical
section azimuth, or proposed bottom hole
location, plane of
Actua
l path
proposal or target direction
Ve
rt i
ca
Total horizontal deviation of
lS
ec
tio
n
T
the well projected onto this plane
Di arge
re
cti t
on
is called vertical section
Target

Closure
Defined as the straight line from the rig
reference to any rectangular coordinate in the
horizontal plane usually to define the bottom of
the well bore
Example, if the surveyed position is 643' North,
962 East, closure can be calculated using the
Pythagorian Theorem
962'

Cl
o

643'
North

su
re

East

Tie-in
Usually there are several companies
involved in surveying a well. A method of
handing over well bore coordinates is
needed.
TIE -IN
Measured Depth
Azimuth
Inclination
TVD
N/S Coordinate
E/W Coordinate
Proposed drift Direction

Section 5

Quality Controls

Magnetic Spacing
Survey tools that use magnetometers respond to
the earth's magnetic field and any other
magnetic fields
Steel drill collars or drill bits may become
magnetized creating local magnetic fields that
will distort azimuth and MTF readings
To reduce this effect to within acceptable limits,
non-magnetic drill collars are spaced either side
of the survey tool in the BHA
The amount of non-magnetic drill collars
(monels) required varies with hole inclination,
azimuth, and geographic location on earth

Monel Spacing
Charts are available to determine the
number of monels above and/or below the
survey instrument
Typically one or two 30' monels are used.

Other Magnetic Errors


Apart from steel in the drillstring, other sources of
magnetic interference exist:
Casing all casing is magnetically hot, and therefore
magnetometer based tools will not work inside casing
When sidetracking around a fish
Some drilling muds, e.g. hematite, are magnetic and
will cause erratic readings
Some formations, e.g. pyrite, will induce errors.

Temperature Effects
Apart from the obvious of exceeding the tool's
temperatue rating, there is a source of error if the
directional package's temperature sensor fails
All survey tools need to be calibrated to correct
for temperature drift errors. This is typically
corrected for by a look-up table or a set of K
factors with temperature as a variable.
In the event that a temperature sensor fails, an
incorrect adjustment will be computed

Depth
There are many ways to incorrectly record depth
A good rapport with the driller is essential,
especially when relying on his pipe tally
Some tools store in memory the survey results
for later transmission. It is important to know
your tools when was the measurement actually
made, and what was the depth at that time?

Checkshot
If in any doubt as to the accuracy of a
survey tool, remember it is always possible
to pull back to the last known good survey
and re-survey
Often, the drillstring can be rotated so that
say 4 surveys are taken at the same
depth. The readings should be consistent
in the absence of magnetic interference.

Considerations for Survey


Validity
Are the azimuth and inclination close to expected?
Is TGF approximately correct and consistent with previous
surveys?
Is TMF approximately correct, (check with magnetic
models) and consistent with previous surveys?
Is Magnetic DIP approximately correct, (check with
magnetic models) and consistent with previous surveys?
Are the Magnetic Declination, Offset toolface, and Grid
corrections correct?
Was the pipe moving when the survey was being taken?

Section 6

Surveying Calculations

Introduction
A directional survey gives inclination, azimuth at
a certain measured depth. This information must
be analyzed to calculate the actual position of
the well relative to the surface location
The incremental distances between survey
stations must be calculated
The horizontal coordinates of a point are referred
to as the "Northing" (or latitude) and the
"Easting" (or departure)

Need for Model


Inclination and azimuth at each station define a
vector that is tangential to the wellbore trajectory.
Inclination gives its orientation in the vertical
plane, and azimuth in the horizontal plane
Course length is the difference between the
survey depths
It is necessary to assume some sort of ideal
wellpath between the two survey stations.
Various models exist.

Common Survey Models


Average Angle
Radius of Curvature
Minimum Curvature

Minimum Curvature
This method assumes that the wellbore
follows the smoothest possible circular
arc from station 1 to station 2
This done by applying a ratio factor
based on the amount of bending in the
wellpath between the two stations the
dog-leg angle
This method is the most accurate and is
sometimes known as circular arc method
Most commonly used these days since
its complex calculations are easily
handled by laptop computers

Minimum Curvature
Calculations
Inputs
Inclination at Stations
1&2
Azimuth at Stations
1&2
Measured depths at
Stations 1 & 2

Outputs

Dog-Leg angle
TVD
Northing coordinates
Easting coordinates

Other Calculations
Vertical Section
Gives a vertical view of the well profile
One plane has to be selected so all points can be
plotted on a common axis
Use the target and reference origin
Calculate to project all points onto this plane
Along with TVD, these vertical sections can now be
plotted to give the well profile

DLS
Since dog leg angle had to be calculated, dog-leg
severity is trivial

Closure

Section 7

Texas Railroad Commission

Texas Railroad
Commission
Railroad Commission of
Texas jurisdiction grew to
encompass oil and gas
production and
transportation in 1919
Its statutory role is to:

1. prevent waste of the state's


natural resources
2. protect the correlative rights
of different interest owners
3. prevent pollution
4. provide safety in matters
such as hydrogen sulfide.

TRC Requirements
Straight Wells
Inclination Survey
First survey <500 feet
Subsequent surveys
between 500 and
1,000 feet apart.
Not required on dry
holes

Directional Wells
Directional Survey
Every 200 feet

Texas Administrative Code


TITLE 16 ECONOMIC REGULATION
PART 1 RAILROAD COMMISSION OF TEXAS
CHAPTER 3 OIL AND GAS DIVISION
3.11 Inclination and Directional Surveys Required

TRC Survey report


Name of surveying company;
Name of person performing the survey for the company;
Position the person holds with the company;
Date on which the survey was performed;
Type of survey conducted and whether multishot;
Complete identification of the well so as to include the name of the
operator of the well; the fee owner; the commission lease number, if
assigned; the well number; the land survey; the field name; and the
county and state;
Survey conducted from a depth of ____ feet to ____ feet.
Each directional survey, with its accompanying certification and a
certified plat on which the bottom hole location is oriented both to the
surface location and to the lease lines (or unit lines in case of
pooling) shall be mailed by registered, certified, or overnight mail
direct to the commission in Austin by the surveying company making
the survey.

PART 1 RAILROAD COMMISSION OF TEXAS; CHAPTER 3 OIL AND GAS DIVISION; 3.12 Directional Survey
Company Report

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