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DAA2523

GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
PREPARED BY :
Youventharan Duraisamy
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

TOPIC OUTLINE

Introduction to foundation
Bearing capacity
Factor of safety & bearing capacity failure
Bearing capacity analysis for shallow
foundation
1) Terzaghis equation
2) Skemptons chart
Effect of variable water table

FOUNDATIO
N

SHALLOW
Df B

DEEP
Df B

BEARING CAPACITY

The ultimate bearing capacity (qu) is the value of


bearing stress which causes a sudden catastrophic
settlement of the foundation (due to shear failure)

The allowable bearing capacity (qa) is the


maximum bearing stress that can be applied to the
foundation such that it is safe against instability due
to shear failure and the maximum tolerable
settlement is not exceeded. The allowable bearing
capacity is normally calculated from the ultimate
bearing capacity using a factor of safety (Fs).

FACTOR OF SAFETY
Depends on:
Type of soil
Level of Uncertainty in Soil Strength
Importance of structure and consequences
of failure
Likelihood of design load occurrence

qu
qall =
FS

The FS should be
at least 3.0

BEARING CAPACITY
FAILURE
Bearing capacity failure can occur in 3 different

mode :
general shear failure
local shear failure
punching shear failure

TERZAGHIS BEARING
CAPACITY

The qu of a foundation is calculated from an


equation that incorporates appropriate soil
parameters (e.g. shear strength, unit weight)
and details about the size, shape and
founding depth of the footing.

Terzaghi (1943) stated the qu of a footing as


a three-term expression incorporating the
bearing capacity factors: Nc, Nq and N,
which are related to the angle of friction ().

Terzaghi Bearing Capacity


Formulas
For strip footing:

qult cN c qN q 0.5 BN
For square footing:

qult 1.3cN c qN q 0.4 BN


For circular footing:

qult 1.3cN c qN q 0.3 BN


Where Nc, Nq and N referred to Table 15.1 attached

SKEMPTONS BEARING
CAPACITY
Skempton's equation is widely used for undrained clay soils:
qu = su .Ncu + qo
where :
Su = undrained shear strength
Ncu = Skempton's bearing capacity factor, which can be
obtained from chart

qo = D

Groundwater Table Effect

Groundwater Table Effect;


Case I ( 0 Dw D )
The value of q in the bearing capacity equation replace
with:

q = Dw + ( D - Dw )

where

= sat - w

and the value of has to be


replaced with

Groundwater Table Effect;


Case II ( 0 d B )
The value of q in the bearing capacity equation replace
with:

q=D

and the value of has to be


replaced with
1
ave d ' B d
B

ave

For d B

For d B

Groundwater Table Effect;


Case III ( d B )
In this condition, the water table has no effect on the
ultimate bearing capacity

Allowable Bearing
Capacity
qult
qa
F

qa

.. Allowable Bearing Capacity

F . Factor of safety

THE END

GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE

LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE

PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE

Strip footing

Raft foundation

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